<p>The Major Reuben Colburn House is a historic house museum and state historic site on Arnold Road in Pittston, Maine. Built in 1765, it was the home of Reuben Colburn, a patriot and shipbuilder, from 1765 to 1818. The house, one of the first to be built in the area, is most notable as one of the staging areas for Benedict Arnolds 1775 Quebec expedition. It is now operated by the state as the Colburn House State Historic Site, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Colburn House stands on a rise overlooking the Kennebec River to the west. It is set south of the First Congregational Church of Pittston, on the west side of Arnold Road, an old alignment of Maine State Route 27, which runs just to the east. The house is a 2-1/2 story timber frame structure, with a side gable roof, central brick chimney, and clapboard siding. The front facade is five bays wide, with slightly irregular spacing of windows, and a comparatively elaborate front door surround consisting of flanking sidelight windows and pilasters supporting a corniced entablature.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Reuben Colburn and his family settled in Gardinerston (then part of Massachusetts) in 1761. In 1763, he was granted 250 acre of land and built a saw mill, brick yard, boat yard, and grist mill on the shores of the Kennebec River. In 1765, he built his two-story home on "an eminence which gradually slopes down to the shore." Colburn was later described as "one of our earliest kings of industry."</p><br>
<p>Colburn assisted George Washington and Benedict Arnold in the planning and provisioning of Arnold&#39;s 1775 military exedition through the northern wilderness of Maine to Quebec City. This site was one of the last outposts of support and supply for the expedition. The house passed out of the Colburn family in 1953, after which it underwent some restorative work under private ownership. It was acquired by the state in 1971, and has been operated as a historic site since.</p><br>
<p>Whitfell  is a hill in the southwestern part of the Lake District. It is the highest point between Black Combe and Harter Fell on the broad ridge to the west of the Duddon Valley. Views from the summit include the full length of the Duddon Valley including its estuary; the western side of the Coniston fells; the Eskdale fells including Scafell and Bowfell; much of western Cumbria including the estuary of the Rivers Esk, Mite and Irt; the Isle of Man; as well as the hills to the south culminating in Black Combe.</p><br>
<p>The hill is relatively infrequently visited, and is a fairly characterless grassy mound, extensively grazed by sheep, though with a very large cairn, whose stones may be from a tumulus. A bridleway crosses the fell to the north of the summit, but it is probably more frequently visited on a round including Burn Moor at 1,780 ft, Kinmont Buck Barrow at 1,754 ft, and Buck Barrow at 1,799 ft from the summit of the Corney Fell road, a route described by Alfred Wainwright in the "Whit Fell" chapter of his book The Outlying Fells of Lakeland.</p><br>
<p>The James Weir House  is a historic building formerly located in downtown Tazewell, Tennessee, United States.</p><br>
<p>It was built by James Weir around 1830 as a two-story single-pen log structure, consisting of American chestnut logs on a limestone foundation. The log frame is covered with siding.</p><br>
<p>In various times in its history, the house has served as a post office, store, inn, Civil War hospital, and library. In 1977, Samuel Gene McNeeley inherited the house from his parents, who had lived in it since 1920.</p><br>
<p>In 1979 the house was added to the National Register of Historic Places. The following year, McNeeley, a physician who lived in nearby Norris, Tennessee, sold the house to the Claiborne County government, on the condition that it be used as a library or museum. A library was opened in the house in 1982 and operated until about 2000.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 the library&#39;s board of directors opted to vacate the property, citing space concerns and the near-prohibitive cost of upkeep. In September 2004 the Claiborne County commissioners voted to return ownership of the house to Dr. McNeeley (who died in 2005).</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased in 2007 by Eleanor Yoakum and moved to her farm south of Tazewell. It was being restored to its original condition by Verlin Singleton. The restoration was expected to be completed early in 2008, after which the house was to be open to the public by appointment only.</p><br>
<p>Russell Island in Redland City is the biggest of the Southern Moreton Bay Islands, situated between the mainland and North Stradbroke Island in the state of Queensland, Australia. The island is eight kilometres long  and nearly three kilometres wide. The channel separating it from the mainland is known as Main Channel and the channel separating it from North Stradbroke Island is known as Canaipa Passage.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A basic survey of the island was conducted by Robert Dixon in 1839. He named the island after Lord John Russell the Secretary of State for the Colonies in the 1840s.</p><br>
<p>The island was first settled by Europeans in 1866, when John Campbell was granted a lease on the northern end of the island closely followed by John Willes and his family. Land auctions commenced in 1870. Farmers and oystermen were the first full-time inhabitants, but with the arrival of the Jackson family in 1906, a small village was created on the western side of the island called Jacksonville, that had a sawmill, pineapple canning factory, jetty and even a picture theatre. A small school was opened in 1916.</p><br>
<p>Russell Island is known for the infamous land scams of the early 1970s, when many of the islands farms were divided into over 20,000 blocks. At the time, the area, with a population of less than 500, did not have a local authority enforcing planning regulations. Heavily advertised and sold off by unscrupulous vendors, these blocks were often not where the unwary customers thought they were buying. It all rode on the vague promise of a bridge from the National Party government at the time. Media reports exposing the scam pointed to blocks that were underwater at high tide and the lack of public land.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Russell had 1,779 permanent residents in 2006 up 35.9% since 2001. However, this changes dramatically on weekends and holidays when many of the 30% of dwellings on the island which are classified as unoccupied are visited by their owners. Fast ferries and scheduled barges straddle the distance to Redland Bay quickly for most of the day.</p><br>
<p>In the, Russell Island recorded a population of 2,473 people, 50.3% female and 49.7% male.</p><br>
<p>The median age of the Russell Island population was 51 years, 14 years above the national median of 37.</p><br>
<p>68.8% of people living in Russell Island were born in Australia. The other top responses for country of birth were New Zealand 6.1%, England 5.7%, Scotland 1%, Philippines 1%, Germany 0.9%.</p><br>
<p>85.8% of people spoke only English at home; the next most common languages were 0.5% Hungarian, 0.4% German, 0.4% Filipino, 0.4% French, 0.3% Croatian.</p><br>
<h2>Shopping</h2><br>
<p>Russell Island has a small shopping village offering a variety of service including; Super IGA supermarket, post office, petrol station, chemist, bakery and a single takeaway food shop.</p><br>
<p>Russell Island has most of the same services as the mainland that span across the island including a police station, fire station, ambulance service, medical practice, pathologist, service station, post office, hairdresser, veterinarian computer repair services, web designers, video hire, bottle shop, lawyer, library, two licensed clubs, public pool, various real estate agents, landscape/hire center, storage sheds, car hire, cafes, motor inn and a sports/recreational complex.</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>The two licensed clubs, an RSL and the Russell Island Bowling Club, provide entertainment and bistro facilities most nights of the week.</p><br>
<p>A Council-built hall near the main wharf is available and, centrally located on Jackson Street, the Bay Islands Community Centre has rooms. Some church denominations meet at the hall but others use the historic St Peters Church Hall just up High Street. In 2009 the Kennedy Farm Community Centre was revamped with Commonwealth money and is now available for small scale community activity. Resident driven plans for the 4.5 ha block include sporting facilities and a community farm.</p><br>
<p>Electricians, builders and plumbers are resident on the Island, making the island somewhat self-supportive. Services include power, phone, broadband(in very limited numbers with a waiting list of up to 2 years), water and garbage collection but sewerage and tarring of the vast majority of streets is still some time away. Garbage is trucked to the mainland for disposal. The Rural Fire Brigade, State Emergency Service and the Ambulance service receive strong volunteer support. Several volunteer Justices of the peace live on the island. A small primary school for around 180 students has an active Parents and Citizens club. In early 2010 the Bay Islands Community Centre with grants from Community Service and the Council, opened a youth drop in centre on Jackson Road.</p><br>
<p>On 12 April 2008, a public 25 metre swimming pool jointly funded by the Redland City Council, the Queensland State Government, a rates levy and nearly 20 years of donations from residents was completed. Management has been contracted to the YMCA. The first bathers hit the water during that weekend but, lacking any heating, it was closed for the winter. Sufficient solar heating for spring and autumn use was installed in 2009.</p><br>
<p>Another big event for the island on Wednesday, 7 May 2008 when the $1.2 million Police Station was opened by the Queensland Police Minister, bringing Senior Constable Michael Verry to the island as its first community policeman. Backing up the policeman, Queensland Police make frequent visits to the island with a high-speed barge which can carry two police vehicles.</p><br>
<h2>Proposed name change</h2><br>
<p>In 2015 the Russell Island residents groups with the Redland City Council, have proposed to transition the islands name to its traditional Aboriginal equivalent – Canaipa Island. The proposal is that the dual names of Canaipa Island/Russell Island will be used with the islands name reverting to its traditional name once it becomes more widely accepted. Canaipa in the language of Quandamooka people, the islands traditional owners, translates to a place of ironbark spear. The move is motivated by the desire to improve public perceptions (and hence real estate values) which were damaged by the earlier land scams.</p><br>
<p>The Clara Barton National Historic Site, which includes the Clara Barton House, was established in 1974 to interpret the life of Clara Barton , an American pioneer teacher, nurse, and humanitarian who was the founder of the American Red Cross. The site is located 2 mi northwest of Washington D.C. in Glen Echo, Maryland. This site is currently closed to the public.</p><br>
<p>The United States National Historic Site protects 9 acres (0.04 km²) of land at her Glen Echo home including the 38-room former residence of Barton. The site is managed by the George Washington Memorial Parkway. The first national historic site dedicated to the accomplishments of a woman, it preserves the early history of the American Red Cross and the last home of its founder. Clara Barton spent the last 15 years of her life in her Glen Echo home (1897-1912), and it served as an early headquarters of the American Red Cross as well.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service has restored eleven rooms, including the Red Cross offices, parlors and Clara Bartons bedroom. Visitors to Clara Barton National Historic Site can gain a sense of how Barton lived and worked surrounded by all that went into her lifes work. Visitors to the site are led through the three levels on a guided tour emphasizing Barton&#39;s use of her unusual home. In 2005, 12,529 visitors toured the site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The large frame house was partially constructed from lumber salvaged from emergency buildings built by the Red Cross at Johnstown, Pennsylvania in the wake of the Johnstown Flood of 1889. The lumber of the dismantled buildings was brought to Washington via the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal to avoid flooding the local market in Johnstown. The lumber was stored on a lot owned by Barton in Washington D.C. until early in 1891 when construction began on land donated by Edwin and Edward Baltzley, who were developing a Chautauqua assembly at Glen Echo. The house was designed by Dr. Julian B. Hubbell, the first field agent of the American Red Cross. Hubbell oversaw the construction work performed by Baltzley&#39;s construction team. The original structure included a massive stone front in a style in keeping with the rest of the Chautauqua buildings. In 1897, when Barton moved into the house permanently, the central part of the stone facade was dismantled, creating flanking stone towers. The addition of pointed roofs accentuated the effect on the deep, narrow house.</p><br>
<p>In spite of its massive size, the house is sparely detailed and furnished for utility. The interior is designed as if it were a Mississippi River steamboat. The house contains 36 rooms and 38 closets, with three tiers of rooms facing a central gallery lighted by clerestory windows of colored glass.</p><br>
<p>The Clara Barton House was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1965, and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1966.</p><br>
<p>A. Schwab dry goods store is the only remaining original business on Beale Street in Memphis, Tennessee. A family owned store, their motto is "If you cant find it at A. Schwab, youre probably better off without it!"</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Established in 1876 by Abraham Joseph Schwab, an Alsatian Jewish immigrant,</p><br>
<p>the store is a local tourist attraction with two floors of shopping and, between the first and second floors, a small balcony which houses the Beale Street Museum, a collection of Beale Street memorabilia along with several items and records of the Schwab family, which has run the store throughout its lifetime. It began as a men’s haberdashery, transitioned to a dry goods store, and later evolved into a seller of quirky merchandise. Products include various hoodoo items, assorted dry goods, and tourist memorabilia. A. Schwab&#39;s was also the retailer of the largest overalls in the world which sold two pair a year. The overalls were so large they hung from the ceiling.</p><br>
<p>A. Schwab, the oldest store in the Mid-South, is housed in the oldest remaining building on Beale Street. The store was founded at another location on Beale Street and moved to 163 Beale Street in 1911 and expanded into 165 in 1922. Both of these buildings were constructed before 1890. Prior to the expansion, 165 Beale housed a Piggly Wiggly.</p><br>
<p>After 136 years, the Schwab family sold the business at the end of 2011.</p><br>
<p>The Southern Moreton Bay Islands, also known as the Bay Islands, the RKLM, and abbreviated as the SMBI, are the four inhabited southern Moreton Bay islands located in South East Queensland, Australia. The group is part of the Redland City with a permanent population of 4,240 as of the. However, nearly one-third of all dwellings on the islands were unoccupied, suggesting a high proportion of "second homes" are maintained by people elsewhere on the night of the census.</p><br>
<h2>Demography and development</h2><br>
<p>The four inhabited Bay Islands in 2006 were:</p><br>
<p>Karragarra, population 125</p><br>
<p>Lamb, population 373</p><br>
<p>Russell, population 1,776</p><br>
<p>Macleay, population 1,957</p><br>
<p>Tiny Perulpa Island is joined by a causeway to Macleay and is generally regarded as part of Macleay.</p><br>
<p>In 2007, after a national A Current Affair television news segment, the islands received an enormous amount of interest as having the cheapest land in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Russell and Macleay have most basic services such as supermarkets, restaurants, primary schools, doctors, police, ambulance, fire brigade, SES, clubs and pubs. Lamb Island has a kiosk with basic supplies and convenience items. Karragarra has no shops at all, which is preferred by the residents.</p><br>
<p>Originally subdivided in the early 1970s, a bridge was promised by the then government. This never eventuated and residents are now feeling the pressure of transport to the mainland for some shopping trips, as mainland parking has become very scarce.</p><br>
<p>The Bay Islands enjoy a quiet, relaxed lifestyle with many retirees, pensioners and more recently, an influx of younger families looking for some safety and security, away from the hustle and bustle of the mainland.</p><br>
<p>The inhabited Southern Moreton Bay Islands are not part of the Southern Moreton Bay Islands National Park, which is also located within Redland City.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listings</h2><br>
<p>Lamb Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:</p><br>
<p>Lucas Drive: Lamb Island Pioneer Hall</p><br>
<p>Mango Trees on Tina Avenue which were planted over 100 years ago</p><br>
<p>Jetty Shed which has been restored by the local island community group and was used for loading local produce onto the merchant boats</p><br>
<p>Macleay Island has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:</p><br>
<p>Cliff Terrace: Industrial Ruins, south end of Macleay Island</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The islands have a frequent scheduled vehicle barge provided by Stradbroke Ferries and fast passenger ferries services provided by Bay Islands Transit, leaving from Redland Bay. The spectacular Canaipa Passage between North Stradbroke and Russell is a favourite destination for private boats</p><br>
<p>Coochiemudlo Island has ferries from Victoria Point. North Stradbroke Island has ferries from Cleveland.</p><br>
<h2>Telecommunications</h2><br>
<p>The Four Islands are served by two telephone exchanges. Macleay and Lamb Islands are served by the Macleay Island Exchange, while Karragarra and Russell Islands are served by Russell Island Exchange.</p><br>
<p>The exchanges do not have direct backhaul to the mainland, but are instead connected via Microwave to other larger exchanges. Call Handling is done by the Woolloongabba Exchange.</p><br>
<p>ADSL Internet has been available to the Islands from 2004/2005 and are capable of ADSL2+ Speeds. Wireless Broadband is available, however several residents report poor reception in some bushy areas. This was combated on Macleay Island by having the Radio Masts raised slightly.</p><br>
<p>Due to the small-size of the exchange footprint on Russell and Karragarra Islands, some residents are not able to receive ADSL, this is due to the copper line&#39;s length being beyond maximum standards (5km). Mainly people living off Centre Road and Canaipa Road. Residents have lobbied Telstra to install Roadside Cabinets at some of the worst affected areas, so that they can receive Internet services, but have been repeatedly ignored. Most residents outside the Exchange Footprint for ADSL have to resort to Wireless Broadband, and in many cases Satellite Internet. This also applies to Macleay and Lamb Islands as well.</p><br>
<p>Foxtel Digital PayTV is available via satellite.</p><br>
<p>Porter Mountain is in Essex County of New York. It is one of the 46 Adirondack High Peaks and is located in the Adirondack Park. Its name comes from Noah Porter, later president of Yale University and one of the first to climb it.</p><br>
<p>Somewhat overshadowed by its higher and more popular neighbor, Cascade Mountain, with which it is often climbed, Porter is nevertheless rewarding. While it lacks the pseudo-alpine open summit of Cascade, there are nevertheless wide views available from the summit, particularly of the Johns Brook Valley to the east (which Porter blocks from Cascade); it is often less crowded than Cascade.</p><br>
<p>A yellow-blazed trail leaves the trail to Cascade about 0.5 mile (approximately 1 km) short of that mountain&#39;s summit, and leads down into the col between the two peaks about 1 mi to Porter’s summit.</p><br>
<p>It is also possible to follow this trail from its other terminus, over neighboring Blueberry Mountain from Keene Valley, although that involves a greater vertical ascent and a longer trip. The trailhead to Blueberry Mountain and subsequently Porter Mountain is accessible from a parking lot next to Marcy Airfield on route 73.</p><br>
<p>Not to be confused with "Linga", a common Scottish island name, see Linga </p><br>
<p>The Lingga Islands or Lingga Archipelago (Indonesian: Kepulauan Lingga) are a group of islands in Indonesia, located south of Singapore, along both sides of the equator, off the eastern coast of Riau Province on Sumatra island. They are south of the populated Riau Archipelago, known for the industrial island of Batam and the tourist-frequented island of Bintan, although the Lingga Islands themselves are rarely visited due to the infrequent local transportation. The equator goes through the northern tip of Lingga, the name of the main island in the archipelago. Administratively they form a Regency of the Riau Islands Province with an area of 2,205.95 km² and a population of 86,150 people at the 2010 Census. The capital lies at Daik.</p><br>
<p>The population are mainly Malay, Bugis and Chinese (predominantly Hakka, Teochew and Hokkien).</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>Lingga derives its name from the profile of Mount Daik which is shaped like the Hindu lingam, often interpreted as a phallic symbol. This mountain has three sharp teeth as peak, one of them seems to have broken off at its base, and it was immortalised by Malay poets as the symbol of durability. The poem is</p><br>
<p>Pulau Pandan jauh ke tengah,</p><br>
<p>Gunung Daik bercabang tiga,</p><br>
<p>Hancur badan dikandung tanah,</p><br>
<p>Budi yang baik dikenang juga.</p><br>
<p>Nearby are the remains of the fort of Benteng Bukit Cening, overlooking the sea. The cannons are still lined up, as if they were awaiting another enemy attack.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>By size and population the most important islands in the archipelago are Lingga and Singkep, then Sebangka and Bakung.</p><br>
<p>Lingga with smaller Pulau (P.) Alut.</p><br>
<p>P. Selayar of Riau Islands between Lingga and Singkep.</p><br>
<p>Singkep with P. Posik to the west, P. Serak to the SW, P. Lalang to the South.</p><br>
<p>Sebangka and Bakung NW of Lingga, with town of Limas, islets Senayang, Kapas, Kentar, Mowang.</p><br>
<p>P. Lobam and Cempah to the west of Sebangka.</p><br>
<p>Temiang and Mesawak in the north.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The Regency is divided into five districts (kecamatan) – tabulated below with their 2010 Census population:</p><br>
<h2>Transport</h2><br>
<p>Ferry services to the islands from outside the archipelago come from the provincial capital to the north, Tanjung Pinang on Bintan, including from Singapore. These days the main industry is fishing. There are a number of fine beaches with some coral around the Archipelago but there is very little tourism on account of the poor transport links with the outside world.</p><br>
<p>Singkep has two ports, Dabo near Dabosingkep and Jago near Sungaibuluh. Service to the port of Muntok on P. Bangka of Sumatera Selatan ceased operating regularly with the demise of the tin mining industry. However, a high-speed ferry continues to connect Tanjung Pinang to Singkep, from where local boats may be chartered to Lingga.</p><br>
<p>For Lingga, Daik is the major town and port. It can be reached in a day from Singapore transferring at Tanjung Pinang.</p><br>
<h2>Lingga Roads</h2><br>
<p>Lingga Roads is an anchorage in the Lingga Islands, south of Lingga Island and northwest of Singkep. During World War II, Lingga Roads was used as a fleet anchorage by major units of the Imperial Japanese Navy, in order that these ships be near a source of fuel. It was from Lingga Roads that the main Japanese southern striking force deployed for the Battle of Leyte Gulf.</p><br>
<p>High Raise is a fell in the Central Fells of the English Lake District, not to be confused with another High Raise situated in the Far Eastern Fells. High Raise is not one of the most spectacular mountains in the district; however, with a height of 762 metres  it is the highest point in the central fells of Lakeland.</p><br>
<p>High Raise is in fact commonly regarded as the most central mountain in the district and this position gives a fine viewpoint to admire the surrounding mountains and beyond. All of England&#39;s 3,000-foot (914 m) mountains (Skiddaw, Helvellyn and the Scafells) can be well seen from the summit while the more distant views include the Three Peaks in the Yorkshire Dales (37 miles / 60 km) and Morecambe Bay (25 miles / 40 km).</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit itself, which is also known as High White Stones due to a smattering of grey boulders in the vicinity of the highest point, has an Ordnance Survey column and a large cairn which also doubles as a wind shelter; a ruined fence also crosses the summit plateau.</p><br>
<p>The view is extensive as befits the central location with all major fell groups visible. The only disappointment is the Langdale Pikes, which seen from behind lack most of their distinctiveness. No lakes are seen other than short sections of Bassenthwaite Lake and Derwentwater.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents of High Raise are usually done from Stonethwaite in Borrowdale or the New Dungeon Ghyll Hotel in Great Langdale, although routes are also viable from Grasmere and Thirlmere. The Stonethwaite approach gives the walker a chance to climb the neighbouring fell of Ullscarf, while the route from Great Langdale allows visits to the splendid Langdale Pikes either before or after climbing High Raise.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The fell is the meeting-point of many ridges. The main watershed of the Central Fells can be thought of as a L shape with High Raise, the highest point, standing at the corner. The northern ridge continues over Ullscarf and High Seat towards the low fells above Keswick. South-eastward the spine continues over Blea Rigg and Silver How, terminating at Loughrigg Fell above Grasmere and Rydal Water.</p><br>
<p>To the east there are a number of subsidiary ridges, diverging from Sergeant Man. This rocky top is a part of High Raise, but is considered by many writers as a separate fell because of its appearance. Beyond lie Calf Crag, Gibson Knott, Helm Crag, Steel Fell and Tarn Crag. South of High Raise lie its most famous offspring, the Langdale Pikes. These picturesque craggy heights form the parapet of High Raise&#39;s southern plateau, standing atop the valley wall and the centrepiece of many views.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>High White Stones is an outcrop of the Lincomb Tarns Formation. This consists of dacitic welded lapilli-tuff and volcaniclastic sandstone. These rocks are overlain by till over the rest of the summit area.</p><br>
<p>Bull Island  or more properly North Bull Island  is an island located in Dublin Bay in Ireland, about 5 km long and 800 m wide, lying roughly parallel to the shore off Clontarf , Raheny, Kilbarrack, and facing Sutton. The island, with a sandy beach known as Dollymount Strand running its entire length, is a relatively recent, and inadvertent, result of human intervention in the bay. The island lies within the jurisdiction of Dublin City Council and is managed by the Council&#39;s Parks and Landscape Division.</p><br>
<p>Bull Island has the most designations of any site in the country, as a National Bird Sanctuary, a biosphere reserve, a National Nature Reserve, a Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive and a Special Area of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive, while also being the subject of a Special Amenity Area Order.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>In times past, Dublin Bay had a long-running problem with silting, notably at the mouth of the River Liffey. After years of primitive dredging, an attempt to maintain a clear channel more effectively was begun when, in 1715, the first piles were driven of what was to become the Great South Wall, completed in 1730. This barrier was breached by storm action some years later, and in 1761, a stone pier was commenced, working from the Poolbeg Lighthouse, 1768, back to shore, the construction of massive granite blocks being completed in 1795. It was during this period that the building of a North Bull Wall was also proposed, and when it was seen that the South Wall did not solve the silting problem, the authorities responsible for Dublin Port commissioned studies on the matter. Captain William Bligh, of Bounty fame, surveyed Dublin Bay for the Ballast Board in 1801, highlighting the potential of the North Bull sandbank. Its purpose was to clear a sandbar by Venturi action.</p><br>
<h3>Bull Bridge, North Bull Wall and the beginning of Bull Island</h3><br>
<p>A wooden bridge, the first Bull Bridge, was erected in 1819 to facilitate the construction of a stone wall, based on a design by Ballast Board engineer, George Halpin. Started in 1820, the Bull Wall was completed in 1825, at a cost of £95,000.</p><br>
<p>Over the succeeding 48 years, the natural tidal effects created by the walls deepened the entry to the Liffey from 1.8 m to 4.8 m. Much of the silt now scoured from the river course was deposited on the North Bull, and a true island began to emerge, with people venturing out to the growing beach. The volume of visitors was increased by the commencement of horse tram services to Clontarf in 1873, and further by the laying of a full tram line to Howth, opening in 1900, with stops in the Clontarf / Dollymount area, and a Coast Guard station was built at the landward end of the Bull Wall.</p><br>
<p>A lighthouse sits on the North Bull Wall.</p><br>
<h3>Growth and early usage of the island</h3><br>
<p>The island continued to grow in extent, from the Bull Wall towards Howth Head. In addition to picnics and swimming, the island was used for shooting practice, and in 1880, an international rifle match between Ireland and the USA was held there, with an audience numbering several thousand. In 1889, the Royal Dublin Golf Club, then located at Sutton, sought and received permission of Colonel Vernon and the Dublin Port and Docks Board to lay out golf course at the city end of the island, and construct a clubhouse.</p><br>
<p>Sometime in the early 20th century, a track suitable for walking and handcarts, running from a slipway at the point where the Howth Road comes from Rahenys village centre down to the coast, was formed. Usable at low tide, this 150m track allowed access to the island for leisure and beachcombing (timber, coal and other items lost overboard from ships accessing Dublin Port were washed up on the islands strand).</p><br>
<p>Between 1906 and 1907, a new Bull Bridge was constructed – it is still standing. Then, in 1912, the Dollymount Sea Scouts (9th Dublin (2nd Port of Dublin)) were formed, taking part of the disused Coast Guard station as their den ("Crow&#39;s Nest") – the troop continues to operate from there, now called 5th Port Dollymount.</p><br>
<h3>1914 to 1961</h3><br>
<p>The British Army commandeered the whole island on 5 September 1914, for military training – primarily as a firing range but also for trench warfare practice. The Royal Dublin Golf Club clubhouse was used as officers quarters and considerable damage was done to the building and, particularly due to trench warfare practice, the island environment as a whole. Late in this period, three local people started to dig golf holes at the Raheny end of the island, and after discussions with the Royal Dublin, and with Lady Ardilaun, formed a new golf club, named, in honour of the Guinness estate, St. Annes. The first drive-in at what was a nine-hole course until 1989, took place on 1 July 1921.</p><br>
<p>In 1931, a plan was proposed to develop the island and the waters between it and the coast. Called the "Blue Lagoon Scheme," this included dams and sluices at the Wooden Bridge and Sutton Channel, maintaining a high water level behind the island, which itself might hold some housing or tourism facilities. Further plans were advanced by Bord Failte, including conversion of much of the island as a theme park.</p><br>
<h2>Situation</h2><br>
<p>The island is connected to the mainland by the Bull Bridge, today a one-lane wooden road bridge (with weight and height restrictions) at the southern (Clontarf/Dollymount) end, and by a broad causeway at Raheny, approximately halfway along, and forms part of Raheny and Clontarf districts.</p><br>
<p>Most of North Bull Island is property of Dublin City Council, after the buying-out of interests such as the Howth Estate, the exception being North Bull Wall, the breakwater beyond it, and the wooden bridge to it, which are owned by the Dublin Port Company (and closed for a day each year to ensure that no right of way is created), and the Royal Dublin Golf Club links; St. Anne&#39;s Golf Club rent from the Council. The bulk of the island comprises the largest park owned by the city.</p><br>
<p>There are just a few residents on the island, in houses beside the wooden bridge built by the Dublin Port Company for its employees. In addition to the clubhouses of the two golf clubs, there is the newly re-built Sea Scout den at the Clontarf end.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the North Bull Wall is the famous Star of the Sea (Realt na Mara) statue, funded by Dublin Port workers and sailors, and dedicated by the then archbishop of Dublin in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Continuing development</h2><br>
<p>The island continues to grow and it is a possibility that within the next half-century continued deposition may lead to its merging with the mainland at Red Rock in Sutton, forming a lagoon, changing the make-up of the area&#39;s wildlife and landlocking two dinghy sailing clubs. However, the risk of this is considered small due to the strength of currents and depth of water in Sutton Channel.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>The island is primarily a sand structure approximately 5 km long and 1 km wide. The southeast facing side is a flat beach, backed by marram-grass-anchored dunes, scrub and marsh. On the northern side of the Bull, between the island and the mainland, is a large linear saltmarsh complex backed by mudflats all of which are covered at high tide. Several of the citys small rivers and streams enter the bay here, notably the Naniken River, the Santry River, Fox Stream, Blackbanks Stream and Daunagh Water. Furthermore, the citys second largest river by volume, the River Tolka, has its estuary facing the city end of the island, into which the Wad River, and a combination of several smaller watercourses, also flow.</p><br>
<p>North Bull Island has the most designations of any site in the Republic of Ireland and its importance for nature conservation has been recognised since 1914, when it was listed as a Rothschild Reserve. It was the first National Bird Sanctuary, designated in 1931. It has been designated since 1981 by UNESCO as biosphere reserve that is part of the Dublin Bay Biosphere Reserve. It is the only Biosphere Reserve entirely in a capital city in the world. In 1988, it was designated a National Nature Reserve in 1988. It is of European Union importance, and part of the Natura 2000 Network as both a Special Protection Area under the EU Birds Directive and a Special Area of Conservation under the EU Habitats Directive. It is also a National Special Amenity Area since 1995, one of 3 in the Republic of Ireland. This recognises both its outstanding beauty and nature conservation values.</p><br>
<p>Bird species on the island include pale-bellied brent geese, Eurasian curlews, Eurasian oystercatchers, grey plovers, northern shovellers, little egrets, reed buntings and little terns.</p><br>
<p>There are six terrestrial mammal species on the island: brown rats, red foxes, field mice, Irish hares, hedgehogs and European rabbits. The hare has been in decline for many years and is now on the verge of extinction, with only one or two found in surveys undertaken in 2014. The hares were very common up until the 1960s, but the building of the causeway led to a sharp reduction in their numbers due to disturbance. During the 1970s, fifty to a hundred were still present, but numbers continued to decline, despite a reintroduction programme in the 1990s. During a study of hares on the island during the 1990s it was concluded that poor breeding success due to disturbance from people and dogs was the main cause of the drop-off in numbers. The rabbit was also once much more numerous than it is today. In 1991 myxomatosis entered the population and caused devastating losses. Shortly after this, in 1992, rabbit haemorrhagic disease was also found in blood samples taken from sick rabbits.</p><br>
<p>Common seals and grey seals are also found in the surrounding waters and can regularly be seen hauled out on sand at low tide at the tip of the island near Howth. The Island is a breeding site. Harbour porpoise can also be seen sometimes out in the bay.</p><br>
<p>The island is also home to many species of plants including the bee orchid, pyramidal orchid, Marsh Helleborine, Bee orchid and common spotted orchids. There is an Interpretative Centre at the end of the causeway on the right hand side which has displays and information on the flora and fauna of the island, and there are also information signs to either side of the causeway access, and on the roundabout where the causeway road approaches the beach. The Centre was opened in 1986 and provides a base for many schools and educational groups to visit the Island. It was funded by the European Commission and the Dublin Rotary Club.</p><br>
<h2>Dollymount Strand</h2><br>
<p>Dollymount Strand, the 5 km beach on the island, is a popular walking and recreational area. Walking of dogs is also popular, though they are supposed to be kept under control, due to the National Nature Reserve status, and in particular to fears of attacks on rabbits and hares.</p><br>
<p>Many people learned to drive on the firm flat sandy foreshore at low tide; there are even (very low) speed limits posted on the beach.</p><br>
<p>Today, access by car is limited to a portion of the island near the Bull Bridge and two sections reached from the causeway at Raheny. Stone bollards set the limits of these parking areas, which are on the strand or beach. This allows access for those who wish to sit in their cars and look out to sea watching the ships and ferries. While others park their cars, while kite surfing and walking the beach, on the sea-wall or in the sand dunes. It is possible to walk a circuit that includes the beach and St. Anne&#39;s Park.</p><br>
<h3>Swimming</h3><br>
<p>The strand is historically a popular swimming spot but usage fell sharply as pollution rose in the 1980s, mainly due to sewage and stormwater pollution. Following the Dublin Bay Water Quality Management Plan programme in the 1990s, there were significant improvements to water quality and, for several years Blue Flag status was obtained. As Blue Flag criteria have become more stringent, Dollymount has not achieved Blue Flag in recent years, although the beach is maintained to Blue Flag standards. Water quality continues to be affected by several issues, including lack of capacity of existing sewage treatment facilities, excess nutrients flowing into Dublin Bay from the River Liffey, and stormwater pollution.</p><br>
<h3>Kite-surfing</h3><br>
<h3>Golf</h3><br>
<p>The island has two golf courses, the more famous belonging to the Royal Dublin Golf Club, and the newer to St. Anne&#39;s Golf Club.</p><br>
<h2>Films</h2><br>
<p>It has been used as a location in many Dublin themed movies such as Neil Jordans Michael Collins, Stephen Frearss The Van, Brendan OCarrolls Mrs. Browns Boys DMovie and John Carney&#39;s Oscar-winning movie Once.</p><br>
<h2>Books</h2><br>
<p>In May 2014, The Liffey Press published The Island Imagined By the Sea: A History of Bull Island by Kieran McNally.</p><br>
<p>In May 2015, Orange Crate Press published "Waveforms: Bull Island Haiku" by poet and broadcaster Pat Boran, featuring a rensaku (sequence) of 135 haiku accompanied by monochrome photographs taken by the author over the course of a year of visits to the island.</p><br>
<p>Kirkby Moor is a poorly defined moorland area in southern Cumbria, England, named after the village of Kirkby-in-Furness, but stretching both sides of the A5092 road, and thus spanning the border of the Lake District National Park. The highest area, to the south of the road, and therefore outside the national park, is named Lowick High Common on Ordnance Survey maps, but "Kirkby Moor" is more commonly but incorrectly used. Lowick High common is the first UK SOTA summit to be activated 100 times.</p><br>
<p>The highest point of Lowick High Common and of Kirkby Moor is 333 m above sea level. The major man-made features are a slate quarry operated by Burlington Slate Ltd and a wind farm consisting of 12 400kW turbines which is operated by RWE Innogy.</p><br>
<p>The fell is crossed by several public footpaths, as well as the Kirkby Slate Road, which has a right of access. There are also numerous tracks built across the fell in association with the wind turbines; although notices request walkers to stick to the public rights of way, in practice there is no issue with using the newer tracks, and from 28 May 2005 the land is access land under the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000.</p><br>
<p>The wide range of paths allows for many start points and routes to explore the heather-covered moor.</p><br>
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<p>Loch Shiel  is a 17+1/2 mi freshwater loch, 120 m  deep, situated 12.4 miles west of Fort William in Lochaber, Highland, Scotland. Its nature changes considerably along its length, being deep and enclosed by mountains in the north east and shallow surrounded by bog and rough pasture in the south west, from which end the 4 km River Shiel drains to the sea in Loch Moidart near Castle Tioram.</p><br>
<p>Loch Shiel should not be confused with Glen Shiel, 40 km further north in Skye and Lochalsh, which contains a longer River Shiel and a much smaller Loch Shiel.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding mountains are picturesque but relatively rarely climbed as none quite reaches the 3,000 ft required for Munro status. The area is well wooded compared to the many Highland areas that have suffered from overgrazing, and much of the shore is designated a Special Area of Conservation. Uniquely for a major loch, the flow is not regulated. Boat trips for tourists have recently started on the loch.</p><br>
<p>Loch Shiel is only marginally above sea level and was in fact a sea loch a few thousand years ago when sea levels (relative to Scotland) were higher.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A ruined chapel can be found on the largest island said to be the first home on the Scottish mainland of St. Finan, a teacher of St. Columba. Acharacle, at the south of the Loch, is the site of the 1140 battle in which Somerled defeated the Norse to found the ruling dynasty of Lord of the Isles. During these times, the loch had strategic importance as a communications route through the mountains, as the short River Shiel was easily navigable in ancient times, however is no longer navigable as the depth drops to less than a foot. Alasdair mac Mhaighstir Alasdair, the poet and supporter of Bonnie Prince Charlie, was born and raised in the area. In 1745, after disembarking at Moidart, Bonnie Prince Charlie was rowed the length of the loch in order to raise his standard at Glenfinnan.</p><br>
<h2>In fiction</h2><br>
<p>Loch Shiel is the location of the fictional Black Lake near Hogwarts in the film versions of the Harry Potter series.</p><br>
<p>It is also the fictional birthplace of Connor and Duncan MacLeod from the Highlander franchise as well as the actual location of the boat scene with Ramirez in The Highlander (1986).</p><br>
<p>The loch was also used in the filming of the movie The Master of Ballantrae starring Errol Flynn.</p><br>
<p>Worcestershire Beacon, also popularly known as Worcester Beacon, or locally simply as The Beacon, is a hill whose summit at 425 m is the highest point of the range of Malvern Hills that runs about 13 km north-south along the Herefordshire-Worcestershire border, although Worcestershire Beacon itself lies entirely within Worcestershire.</p><br>
<p>The hills are managed by the Malvern Hills Conservators under five Acts of Parliament of 1884, 1909, 1924, 1930, and 1995 whose aim is to preserve the nature and environment landscape of the area and to protect it from encroachments. The Beacon is highly popular with walkers with its easily reached dense network of footpaths crisscrossing it and the area has been designated by the Countryside Agency as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.</p><br>
<h2>Toponymy</h2><br>
<p>The name Beacon comes from the use of the hill as a signalling beacon. Lord Macaulay included the Beacon in his poem Armada, which describes the chain of warning fires which were lit when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England in 1588:</p><br>
<p>And on, and on, without a pause, untired they bounded still</p><br>
<p>All night from tower to tower they sprang; they sprang from hill to hill</p><br>
<p>Till the proud Peak unfurled the flag o’er Darwin’s rocky dales</p><br>
<p>Till like volcanoes flared to heaven the stormy hills of Wales,</p><br>
<p>Till twelve fair counties saw the blaze on Malvern’s lonely height,</p><br>
<p>Till streamed in crimson on the wind the Wrekin’s crest of light.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The steep eastern flank of the hill begins immediately behind Bellevue Terrace, one of the two main shopping streets in the town centre of Great Malvern from where its summit is a brisk 35 – 40 minutes steep walk via St Ann&#39;s Well or Happy Valley. It can also be accessed by a short, steep, unpathed climb from Jubilee Drive on the western side, or reached by a more leisurely stroll along the crest of the ridge from a car park near the Wyche Cutting, a mile or so to the south of the town centre.</p><br>
<p>The Beacon affords an extensive panoramic view that includes the Lickey Hills near Redditch, The Wrekin and past Birmingham to Cannock Chase, as well as much of Herefordshire and Gloucestershire, the Welsh border mountains, the Shropshire Hills and across the valleys of the Severn and Avon to the Cotswold Hills. Parts of thirteen counties, the Bristol Channel, and the cathedrals of Worcester, Gloucester and Hereford can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Running due east from Worcestershire Beacon, the next highest point of land is on the western slope of the Ural Mountains.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The hills are mostly igneous and metamorphic rocks from the late pre-Cambrian, around 600 million years old and the Beacon is part of the watershed that permits the rise of the mineral springs and wells of the famous Malvern water that is bottled commercially on a large scale and sold worldwide, and they were responsible for the development of Malvern from a village to a busy spa town in the early 19th century. Hundreds of millions of years of erosion and glacial passage have given the Beacon and its neighbouring peaks their characteristic smoothly rounded features.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hill itself appears to mark the northern terminal of the Shire Ditch, or Red Earl&#39;s Dyke, which runs north and south of the British Camp along the ridge of the hills. It was created in 1287 by Gilbert de Clare, the Earl of Gloucester, following a boundary dispute with Thomas de Cantilupe, the Bishop of Hereford. Recent research has shown that the Shire Ditch might actually be much older. Indeed, there is some evidence that it may have started life as a prehistoric trackway running from Worcestershire Beacon to Midsummer Hillfort. The hill is also the site of two Bronze Age burials. In 1849 two urns containing bones and ashes were uncovered by Private Harkiss whilst conducting work for the Ordnance Survey and documented by Edwin Lees, a local antiquarian.</p><br>
<p>The remains were attributed to the Middle Bronze Age and are now housed in the British Museum.</p><br>
<p>The Worcestershire Beacon has historically been used as a location for signalling beacons. In 1588 it formed part of a chain of warning fires which were lit when the Spanish Armada attempted to invade England. Beacon fires were also lit to celebrate national occasions including the end of the Crimean War (1856), the marriage of the Prince and Princess of Wales (1863), the Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria (1887) and Diamond Jubilee (1897) the coronation of George V (1911) and the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II (1953).</p><br>
<p>In recent years it has been used as a beacon for special occasions such as the millennium night of 31 December 1999 when a large fire was lit as part of a nationwide network of hill top beacons to celebrate the event. A beacon fire was also lit on the Worcestershire Beacon on 3 June 2002 to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II and on 4 June 2012 to celebrate the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II.</p><br>
<p>On the summit is a viewfinder or toposcope, identifying the hills to be seen on a clear day; it was designed by Malvern architect Arthur Troyte Griffith, a friend of Sir Edward Elgar and erected in 1897 to celebrate Queen Victoria&#39;s diamond jubilee. It was stolen in 2000 and replaced by Malvern Hills Conservators the same year. The original was returned to the Conservators in 2001.</p><br>
<p>During World War II the Beacon was used as a fire lookout point for air raids on Birmingham and Coventry, and in the latter half of the 20th century it was used regularly as a location for a BBC transmitter relay van for covering horse racing and sports events in Worcester.</p><br>
<h3>Beacon cafe</h3><br>
<p>A café that had existed on the summit for many decades was destroyed by fire in 1989. As the Malvern Hills Acts state that no building should be erected on the Conservators&#39; land or on land under their jurisdiction, the Conservators put a bill through Parliament to get the power to build a new one but the House of Lords opposed it. When the cafe was burned down, the Conservators had plans to replace the building but were advised that they risked prosecution for rebuilding as the original cafe building was an encroachment on common land. The Malvern Hills Bill was in preparation to modernise some of the clauses in previous acts a clause was inserted to gain authority to rebuild the cafe.</p><br>
<p>Five members of the House of Lords Select Committee visited the Malvern Hills and decided that there were enough facilities in the immediate area and that St Ann&#39;s Well cafe should be enough provision on the hills, so the application to rebuild was turned down.</p><br>
<h2>In cultural life</h2><br>
<h3>Television</h3><br>
<p>The West of England Quarry on the Worcestershire Beacon was used as a location in the Doctor Who serial The Krotons, starring Patrick Troughton. The serial was broadcast in four weekly parts from 28 December 1968 to 18 January 1969.</p><br>
<p>Erineos  is a former municipality in Achaea, West Greece, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Aigialeia, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 98.710 km. Its seat of administration was in the village of Kamares. Erineos stretches between the northeastern slopes of the Panachaiko mountain and the Gulf of Corinth. The river Foinikas   flows through the municipality. The Greek National Road 8A  and the railway from Patras to Corinth run through the municipal unit. It is located about 10 km west of Aigio.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Erineos is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Arravonitsa (Arravonitsa, Synania)</p><br>
<p>Damakini (Damakini, Vounopyrgos)</p><br>
<p>Kamares (Kamares, Bouka, Pefka)</p><br>
<p>Neos Erineos</p><br>
<p>Salmeniko (Ano Salmeniko, Kato Salmeniko, Voteni, Neo Salmeniko)</p><br>
<p>Ziria (Ziria, Ano Ziria, Kyani Akti, Lampiri, Rodini, Sarkounas)</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ancient city of Rhypes was one of the cities of the Achaean League. It was razed by Emperor Augustus. In Kamares artefacts dating back to the Roman times have been found. The Salmeniko Castle was an important stronghold of the Byzantines against the Ottomans. The municipality Erineos was founded in 1994 and included the former communes of Kamares, Neos Erineos and Ziria. In 1998 under the Capodistrian Constitution Arravonitsa, Damakini and Salmeniko were added.</p><br>
<p>Ulriken is the highest of the Seven Mountains  that surround Bergen, Norway. It has an altitude of 643 metres above sea level.</p><br>
<p>Ulriken has an aerial tramway, Ulriksbanen, that can bring people to the top. At the top there is a TV tower, a restaurant, and free telescopes. The cable car was closed as of January 2006, due to the operating company failing to meet government requirements for documentation, but it reopened later in the spring of the same year. It was later closed again, but it reopened for business on May 1, 2009. An area of the mountain is called "Montana".</p><br>
<p>The mountain was featured in a music video by Alan Walker; Alone.</p><br>
<h2>The trail</h2><br>
<p>There is a network of trails to climb Ulriken. The no 12 bus from Bergen stops at Montana, from where it is a short walk to the path up Ulriken. It is a popular hike and there are several paths up ranging from steep to not so steep, though a little scrambling is involved. There are signposts along the way. The path is rocky and slippery in wet weather.</p><br>
<p>Porak or Axarbaxar  is a stratovolcano located in the Vardenis volcanic ridge. It lies about 20 km southeast of Lake Sevan and the volcanic field spans the border between Armenia and Azerbaijan  with lava flows running into both countries. Ten satellite cones and fissure vents lie on the flanks of the volcano.</p><br>
<p>The Porak volcano itself and the third stage has been dated 15 ± 15 ka by K-Ar dating. Two long lava flows, one of which 21 km long, stretch from the field north and northeastwards. There are thermal springs in the area, and the Middle Pleistocene Khonarassar fault area lies to the north of the Porak centre. The complex is built on partly sedimentary rock and partly volcanogenic Late Cretaceous and Eocene series with Paleogene intrusions.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>There are four stages of trachyandesitic lava flows, the oldest composing the Porak volcano itself and the younger three derived from cones and fissures. Two lava flows overlay Sevan Lake deposits with thin soil cover form an early Holocene stage. The second stage forms lava flows entering Lake Alaghel and is devoid of soil cover.</p><br>
<p>Several archaeological sites (one of these dated by radiocarbon analysis on charcoal to be no younger than 3080±40 BP-3200±40 BP) are constructed on the two oldest Holocene stages but not on the most recent stage. Third-stage lava flows run at the edge of one of these sites which was constructed on lavas from the previous two stages, suggesting that the site was affected by historical volcanic activity. There is also evidence of strong earthquake activity 6640±90 BP and between 782 and 773 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Khorkhor inscription</h2><br>
<p>The Khorkhor inscription, in which Argishti I of Urartu records the conquest of the city of Behoura, records that during the siege the town was destroyed by an earthquake and eruption of "Mount Bamni". Historians consider it likely that Porak volcano is Mount Bamni and that Behoura was one of the archeological sites in the area.</p><br>
<p>Older evidence of volcanic activity, including lacustrine deposits, indicate temporary disappearance of forests in the area before 6,270BP, likely due to forest fires induced by volcanic activity. Petroglyphs dated about 5,000BP also portray volcanic activity.</p><br>
<p>Tskhouk-Karckar or Qarqar is a group of pyroclastic cones which is located in the central part of the Siunik volcanic ridge at the border of Armenia and Azerbaijan  60 km SE of Lake Sevan. The volcanoes lie on the northwest side of Tskhouk volcano and are constructed on a volcanic basement or rhyolites, basaltic andesites and dacites. The volcanoes erupted voluminous and long lava flows, grouped in three age-based stages of varying age and conservation. Petroglyphs have been found buried under the most recent stages and broken by earthquake activity, suggesting activity between the 4th–early 3rd millennium BC and 4720 ± 140 years BP, a date established by C14 analysis on graves inside the lava flows. There is evidence indicating that the last stage of activity resulted in abandonment of the area by humans, only resuming during the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<p>The Big Creek Bridge is a bowstring arch bridge that spans the Big Creek on USA Route 101 in Lane County, Oregon. It was designed by Conde McCullough and opened in 1931.</p><br>
<p>The bridge has a total length of 180 ft and contains one 120 ft reinforced concrete tied arch, identical in design to Ten Mile Creek Bridge and Wilson River Bridge. The locations for all three bridges were similar in that the sandy foundations were not secure enough for the abutment piers required to relieve the lateral pressure of traditional arches. The flood levels of the rivers approached the road grade and ruled out the use of reinforced concrete girders. The corrosive salt air eliminated the practicality of steel truss bridges. The design of the bridge was similar to the rainbow arch design patented by James Barney Marsh.</p><br>
<p>The bridge, along with the Ten Mile Creek Bridge and the Wilson River Bridge, was rehabilitated in 1996 to increase the overhead clearance and add a cathodic protection system to protect the embedded steel reinforcements against the corrosive air. A project to replace the cathodic protection system began in February 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Liao River is the principal river in southern Northeast China, and one of the seven main river systems in mainland China. The province of Liaoning and the Liaodong Peninsula derive their names from this river. The river is also popularly known as the "mother river" in Northeast China. Coursing 1,345 km long, the Liao River system drains a catchment basin of over 232,000 km&sup2, but its mean discharge is quite small at only about 500 m3/s, about one-twentieth that of the Pearl River. The Liao River has an exceedingly high sediment load because many parts of it flow through powdery loess.</p><br>
<p>The Liao River is also an important geographical landmark, as it divides the province of Liaoning into two broad regions — Liaodong ("east of Liao River") and Liaoxi ("west of Liao River").</p><br>
<h2>Course</h2><br>
<p>The Liao River is formed from the confluence of its two main tributaries, the Xiliao River from the west, and Dongliao River from the east. The western tributary resides entirely in Inner Mongolia, and is formed by the confluence of the Xar Moron River and the Laoha River at approximately 43° 25 N, 120° 45 E, before being reinforced by another tributary called the Xinkai River at its lower section. The eastern tributary arises in western Jilin Province, and goes through an S-shaped course before meeting its counterpart near the junction region of Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia, approximately 42° 59 N, 123° 33 E.</p><br>
<p>The resultant river, the Liao River proper, then enters Liaoning Province and courses southwards through the Northeast China Plain, receiving numerous tributaries along the way. It makes a westward turn near Pingdingbao Town, Tieling County, and after receiving more tributaries, earns an infrequently used nickname Juliu River (巨流河, "giant stream river"). The Liao River will then course southwest until it reaches near the Liujianfang Hydrological Station (六间房水文站) at Taian County, and historically bifurcates into two distributaries, forming the Liao River Delta (辽河三角洲). The western distributary, originally smaller, is called the Shuangtaizi River (双台子河), receives the tributary Raoyang River at Panshan County before draining into the Liaodong Bay west of Dawa County, Panjin. The eastern distributary, originally the larger one and the main body of lower Liao River, was called the Wailiao River (外辽河, "Outer Liao River"). It travelled directly southwards to pick up two large tributaries, the Hun River and Taizi River, at a confluence locally referred as the "Trident River" (三岔河), where it then adopted the new name Daliao River&#39; (大辽河, "Great Liao River") and drained into the Bohai Gulf just west of Yingkou.</p><br>
<p>However, the Liao River Delta has a flat topography made up of soft sediment soil, with meandrous waterways that had a rich history of rerouting. This coupled with the risk of storm surges due to the region&#39;s low elevation, created a huge problem in flood control. This flood risk at the coastal section of the Liao River system was particularly threatening to Yingkou, a city immediately adjacent to the mouth of Daliao River and home to 2 million people. In 1958, the upriver of the Wailiao River at Liujianfang was blocked off via a river engineering project, redirecting the water flow from the Liao River proper entirely towards the Shuangtaizi River, effectively separating the Hun River and Taizi River from the main body of Liao River system. Therefore, since 1958, the Hun River and Taizi River were no longer considered tributaries of the Liao River, but an autonomous water system of their own.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<h3>Major tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Xiliao River (西辽河, "Western Liao River"), historically also known as Huang River (潢水), is the largest tributary of Liao River, running 449 km and draining a basin of 13,6,000 km&sup2;. The Xiliao River is formed by the confluence of Laoha River (老哈河) flowing from the southwest, and Xar Moron River (西拉木伦河) flowing from the west, running its entire length eastwards within Inner Mongolia. It is joined at the lower course by a large tributary, the Xinkai River (新开河), which drains the southeast slopes of the Khingan Mountains and is dry in its upper reaches except after thunderstorms, 8 km north of the city of Shuangliao, before turning southeast to join the Dongliao River to form the Liao River proper near the common border of Liaoning, Jilin and Inner Mongolia.</p><br>
<p>Dongliao River (东辽河, "Eastern Liao River")，is the other major tributary of the Liao River, running 360 km, draining a basin of 11,500 km&sup2, and has a rich catchment of 88 tributaries, 23 of which are of significant sizes. Its headwaters arise in the low mountains near Dongliao County in Jilin Province, where more than 80% of its entire length resides. The Dongliao River then traverses a short west course through Liaoning Province, turns north back to Jilin before turning southwest to join the Xiliao River.</p><br>
<h3>Minor tributaries</h3><br>
<p>These following tributaries drain into the Liao River proper throughout its course within the Liaoning Province.</p><br>
<p>Sutai River (苏台河)</p><br>
<p>Qing River (清河)</p><br>
<p>Chai River (柴河)</p><br>
<p>Fan River (泛河)</p><br>
<p>Xiushui River (秀水河)</p><br>
<p>Yangximu River (养息牧河)</p><br>
<p>Liu River (柳河)</p><br>
<p>Raoyang River (绕阳河)</p><br>
<h3>Former tributaries</h3><br>
<p>Hun River (浑河, "muddy river")，historically also known as Little Liao River (小辽水) or Shen River (沈水)，was formally the second largest tributary of Liao River after Xiliao River. Running 415 km and draining a basin of 11,500 km&sup2, the Hun River has numerous tributaries of its own, 31 of which has catchment area greater than 100 km&sup2;. It flows through the most populous area of Liaoning Province, including the provincial capital and largest city (also in the entire Northeast China), Shenyang, as well as the 10th largest city, Fushun. The river got its current name from the fast flow speed and high sediment load, which leads to its muddy appearance. The Hun Rivers headwaters arise from the Qian Mountains, a branch of the Changbai Mountains, where the river is also called Nalu River (纳噜水) or Red River (红河), and flows into the 5,437 km3 Dahuofang Reservoir (大伙房水库), which supplies drinking water to the surrounding cities of Shenyang, Fushun, Liaoyang, Anshan, Panjin, Yingkou and Dalian. The rivers middle section was also called Shen River, which gave name to the capital city Shenyang to its north, and the lower section is also called Clam River (蛤蜊河).</p><br>
<p>Taizi River (太子河, "crown prince river")，historically also known as Yan River (衍水) or Liang River (梁水), was named according to the legend that it was the last site of refuge for Crown Prince Dan of Yan, who was fleeing from Qin conquest after the failed assassination attempt of the King of Qin. It was formally the third largest tributary of the Liao River, running 413 km and draining a basin of 13,900 km&sup2;. The Taizi River, like the Hun River running parallel north of it, flows through some of the most important agricultural and industrial regions of southern Liaoning, including the cities of Benxi, Anshan and Liaoyang. Like its sister river, the Hun River, the Taizi River has numerous tributaries, including two largest ones of which it is formed from the confluence. Its headwaters arise from hill regions between Benxi and Fushun, and contains the famous Benxi Water Caves. Like Hun River, the Taizi River is no longer a tributary of Liao River since the obliteration of the Wailiao River in 1958.</p><br>
<p>Dogger Bank  is a large sandbank in a shallow area of the North Sea about 100 km off the east coast of England.</p><br>
<p>During the last ice age the bank was part of a large landmass connecting Europe and the British Isles, now known as Doggerland. It has long been known by fishermen to be a productive fishing bank; it was named after the doggers, Old Dutch fishing boats especially used for catching cod.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning of the 21st century the area was identified as a potential site for a UK round 3 wind farm, being developed as Dogger Bank Wind Farm.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The bank extends over about 17,600 km&sup2, and is about 260 km long by 97 km broad (160 by 60 mi). The water depth ranges from 15 to 36 m, about 20 m shallower than the surrounding sea.</p><br>
<p>The bank is an important fishing area, with cod and herring being caught in large numbers. It gives its name to the Dogger sea area used in the BBC Radio 4 Shipping Forecast. Several shipwrecks lie on the bank.</p><br>
<p>Dogger Bank has been identified as an oceanic environment that exhibits high primary productivity throughout the year in the form of phytoplankton. As such, it has been proposed by various groups to designate the area a Marine Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Geologically, the feature is most likely a moraine, formed during the Pleistocene. At differing times during the last glacial period it was either joined to the mainland or an island. The bank was part of a large landmass, now known as Doggerland, which connected Britain to the European mainland until it was flooded some time after the end of the last glacial period.</p><br>
<p>Fishing trawlers working the area have dredged up large amounts of moor peat, remains of mammoth and rhinoceros, and occasionally Paleolithic hunting artefacts.</p><br>
<p>The 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake took place below the bank, measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale and was the largest earthquake ever recorded in the United Kingdom. Its hypocentre was 23 km beneath the bank, and the quake was felt in countries all around the North Sea, causing damage across eastern England.</p><br>
<p>South of Dogger Bank is the Cleaver Bank.</p><br>
<h2>Naval battles and incidents</h2><br>
<p>Battle of Dogger Bank (1696), during the Nine Years&#39; War a French fleet under the command of Jean Bart was victorious over the ships of a Dutch force of five ships and the convoy it was escorting.</p><br>
<p>Battle of Dogger Bank (1781), during the War of American Independence, a Royal Navy squadron fought a Dutch squadron on 5 August 1781.</p><br>
<p>Dogger Bank incident, during the Russo-Japanese War, Russian naval ships opened fire on British fishing boats in the on 21 October 1904, mistaking them for Japanese torpedo boats.</p><br>
<p>Battle of Dogger Bank (1915) and Battle of Dogger Bank (1916), during the First World War, saw battles between the Royal Navy and the German High Seas Fleet.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the German submarine U-Hai, a German Type XXIII submarine sank during a gale. 19 of 20 men died, one of the worst peacetime naval disasters in German history.</p><br>
<h2>Wind farm and wind power hub</h2><br>
<p>The Dogger Bank is an attractive location for offshore wind farms because it is far away from shore, avoiding complaints about the visual impact of wind turbines, yet the water is shallow enough for traditional fixed foundation wind turbine designs.</p><br>
<p>Fixed-foundation wind turbines are economically limited to maximum water depths of 40m to 50m, at greater water depths new floating wind turbine designs are required, which currently cost significantly more to build.</p><br>
<p>In January 2010, a licence to develop a wind farm on Dogger Bank was granted to Forewind Ltd, a consortium of developers. Originally projected to develop up to 9 gigawatts of power as part of a planned nine zone project of 32 gigawatts, the plan was later scaled down to a 7.2-gigawatt installation in agreement with the area&#39;s owner Crown Estates.</p><br>
<p>Construction was scheduled to start around 2014 at the earliest, but has been repeatedly postponed.</p><br>
<p>Dutch, German, and Danish electrical grid operators are cooperating in a project to build a North Sea Wind Power Hub complex on one or more artificial islands to be constructed on Dogger Bank as part of a European system for sustainable electricity. At the North Seas Energy Forum in Brussels on 23 March 2017, Energinet.dk will sign a contract to work with the German and Dutch branches of TenneT; thereafter a feasibility study will be produced.</p><br>
<p>Rokkou Island is the second major artificial island in Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan located in the southeast region at Port of Kobe. The island was constructed from reclaimed land between 1973 and 1992. It has a 3.4 km by 2 km rectangular shape, and covers 5.80 km². The island was one of the hardest hit areas in Kobe during the Great Hanshin earthquake. Rokkō Island contains hotels, sports and conventions facilities, markets, a water amusement park, sea view apartment buildings, the Kobe Fashion Museum, two international schools, container yards, wharves, and port facilities. The Rokko Liner connects the island to JR Sumiyoshi Station, stopping at several points along the way.</p><br>
<p>The Rokkō Liner divides the apartments to two different sections: east and west.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The City of Kobe convinced Procter & Gamble Far East, Inc. to move its Asia headquarters to Rokkou Island in March 1993; previously the P&G Asia offices were in Osaka.</p><br>
<p>Facilities:</p><br>
<p>*Hotels (KOBE Bay Sheraton HOTEL and so on)</p><br>
<p>*Kobe Fashion Museum</p><br>
<p>*P&G Japan Head Office</p><br>
<p>*Morozoff Ltd. Head Office</p><br>
<p>*Ferry Berths RF1 – RF3</p><br>
<p>*Container Berths RC1 – RC7</p><br>
<p>*Area 480 ha</p><br>
<p>See also Port Island, another artificial island used for business, residential, and commercial purposes in the Port of Kobe.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Universities:</p><br>
<p>* Kobe International University</p><br>
<p>Public high schools:</p><br>
<p>* Rokkou Island High School (神戸市立六甲アイランド高等学校)</p><br>
<p>International schools:</p><br>
<p>* Canadian Academy – Canadian Academy moved to Rokko Island in 1991 after the City of Kobe convinced the school to move there</p><br>
<p>* Deutsche Schule Kobe/European School</p><br>
<p>Former schools:</p><br>
<p>* Norwegian School – Moved to Rokko Island in 1990, closed in 2005.</p><br>
<p>Papagou  is a suburb in the eastern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. The town is named after Marshal Alexandros Papagos, a general who led the Greek Army in the Second World War and the Greek Civil War, before becoming Prime Minister of Greece. The Greek Ministry of National Defense is located in town.</p><br>
<p>Papagou was part of the municipality of Cholargos until 1965, when it became a separate community. It became a municipality in 1982. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Papagou-Cholargos, of which it is a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Papagou is situated west of the Hymettus mountains, 6 km east of Athens city centre. The municipal unit has an area of 3.375 km. The eastern beltway Motorway 64 passes southeast of the town. Adjacent suburbs are Cholargos to the northeast and Zografou to the southwest.</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Papagou B.C. is the professional basketball team of Papagou.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>The River Crake is a short river in the English Lake District. The name probably derives from the Celtic language and means rocky stream. The river drains Coniston Water from its southernmost point and flows for about 6 miles  in a southerly direction before joining the upper estuary of the River Leven at Greenodd. The river is in the historic county of Lancashire, but in an area that formed part of the county Cumbria after the 1974 reorganisation of local government.</p><br>
<p>The villages of Water Yeat, Blawith, Lowick Bridge, Spark Bridge and Penny Bridge are located close to the river in the Crake Valley. As well as receiving the outflow from Coniston the river also drains Beacon Tarn in the Blawith Fells above the southern end of Coniston.</p><br>
<p>In the 19th century numerous industries including a cotton mill and iron foundry flourished along the river, making use of the fast flowing water to</p><br>
<p>drive machinery. A bobbin mill at Spark Bridge, which manufactured wooden bobbins for the Lancashire cotton industry, used water-powered lathes to turn the wood. The factory survived into the 1970s using Gilkes water turbines to generate electricity and turn the lathes. The factory was eventually forced to close by the punitive water usage charges levied by the North West Water Authority. Today there are no obvious signs of any of the riverside industries.</p><br>
<p>The Crake is a noted salmon river.</p><br>
<p>The River Crake is the model for the Amazon River in Arthur Ransome’s Swallows and Amazons series of children’s novels according to Hugh Brogan, although the Crake flows out of Coniston Water but the Amazon flows into the Lake. The Allan Tarn at the beginning of the river became the Octopus Lagoon.</p><br>
<p>Tel Arad  is an archaeological tel, or mound, located west of the Dead Sea, about 10 km west of the modern Israeli city of Arad in an area surrounded by mountain ridges which is known as the Arad Plain. The site is divided into a lower city and an upper hill which holds the only ever discovered "House of Yahweh" in the land of Israel. Tel Arad was excavated during 18 seasons by Ruth Amiran and Yohanan Aharoni.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lower area was first settled during the Chalcolithic period, around 4000 BCE. Excavations at the site have unearthed an extensive Bronze Age Canaanite settlement which was in place until approximately 2650 BCE. The site was then apparently deserted for over 1500 years until resettled during the Israelite period from the 11th century BCE onwards, initially as an unwalled piece of land cut off as an official or sacred domain was established on the upper hill, and then later as a garrison-town known as "The Citadel".</p><br>
<p>The citadel and sanctuary were constructed at the time of King David and Solomon. Artifacts found within the sanctuary of the citadel mostly reflect offerings of oil, wine, wheat, etc. brought there by numerous people throughout the reign of the kings of Judah until the kingdom&#39;s fall to the Babylonians. However, during the Persian, Maccabean, Roman, and early Muslim eras, locals continued to transport these items to the sacred precinct of the upper hill. Markers of these ancient Israelite rituals remain to this day, with broken pottery littering the entire site.</p><br>
<p>Under the Judaean kings, the citadel was periodically refortified, remodeled and rebuilt, until ultimately it was destroyed between 597 BCE and 577 BCE whilst Jerusalem was under siege by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II.</p><br>
<p>Among the most significant artifacts unearthed at Tel Arad are 91 ostraca in paleo-Hebrew referring to the citadel as the House of Yahweh. They are mostly orders to the quartermaster, commands and lists of names. The Eliyashiv Ostraca, all found in the same room, are addressed to a person named Eliyashiv, ordering him to deliver a specific quantity of wine, flour, etc.</p><br>
<p>It is believed that several citadels were built one upon the other and existed in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. Herod even reconstructed the lower city for the purpose of making bread. The site lasted until the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and completely expelled the "circumcised" in 135 AD. Tel Arad lay in ruins for 500 years until the Islamic period, when the former Roman citadel was rebuilt and remodeled by some prosperous clan in the area and functioned for 200 years until around 861 AD when there was a breakdown of central authority and a period of widespread rebellion and unrest. The citadel was destroyed and no more structures were built on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Sanctuary at Arad</h2><br>
<p>The temple at Arad was uncovered by archaeologist Yohanan Aharoni in 1962 who spent the rest of his life considering its mysteries, dying there in the mid-1970s.</p><br>
<p>In the holy of holies of this temple two incense altars and a "standing stone" were found, probably having been dedicated to Yahweh. An inscription was found on the site by Aharoni mentioning a "House of Yahweh", which William G. Dever suggests may have referred to the temple at Arad or the temple at Jerusalem.</p><br>
<p>The lower settlement and the upper Israelite citadel are now part of the Tel Arad National Park which have begun projects to restore the walls of the upper and lower sites.</p><br>
<p>Cajon Pass ) is a mountain pass between the San Bernardino Mountains and the San Gabriel Mountains in Southern California in the United States. It was created by the movements of the San Andreas Fault. Located in the Mojave Desert, the pass is an important link from the Greater San Bernardino Area to the Victor Valley, and northeast to Las Vegas.</p><br>
<p>Cajon Pass is at the head of Horsethief Canyon, traversed by California State Route 138 (SR 138) and railroad tracks owned by BNSF Railway and Union Pacific Railroad. Railroad improvements in 1972 reduced its maximum elevation from about 3,829 ft to 3,777 ft while also reducing the curvature.</p><br>
<p>Interstate 15 does not traverse Cajon Pass, but rather the nearby Cajon Summit, 34&deg;20&prime;58&Prime;N latitude, 117&deg;26&prime;47&Prime;W longitude, elevation 4,260 ft. However, the entire area including Cajon Pass and Cajon Summit is often collectively called Cajon Pass. Sometimes the entire area is called Cajon Pass, but a distinction is made between Cajon Pass and Cajon Summit in detail.</p><br>
<p>In 1851, a group of Mormon settlers led by Amasa M. Lyman and Charles C. Rich traveled through the Cajon Pass in covered wagons on their way from Salt Lake City to southern California. A prominent rock formation in the pass, where the Mormon trail and the railway merge (at 34.3184&deg; latitude, -117.4920&deg; longitude, near Sullivan&#39;s Curve), is known as Mormon Rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>In Spanish, the word cajón refers to a box or drawer. The name of the pass is derived from the Spanish land grant that encompassed the area; it was first referred to in English on a 1852 map.</p><br>
<h2>Aviation</h2><br>
<p>The Cajon Pass area is known for high wind, turbulence and fog.</p><br>
<p>The weather over the pass can vary, from foggy days with poor visibility to clear afternoons where aircraft are bounced by gusting Santa Ana winds that top 80 mph. The wind in this area is predominantly out of the west, although in Santa Ana and other weather conditions it may be out of the north or the southeast. Air spilling over the San Gabriels can cause fairly violent up- and downdrafts. On a normal day, with the wind out of the west, turbulence usually starts a few miles west of Rialto and continues a few miles to the east, growing in strength above the altitude of the mountains and especially over the pass near the HITOP intersection. In Santa Ana conditions, up- and downdrafts can become especially violent northeast of Ontario Airport, and turbulence can be experienced all the way east to the Banning Pass, well known for turbulence. It&#39;s important to note that the mass and wing loading of an aircraft determines its sensitivity to turbulence, so what may seem violent in a Cessna 172 may seem only mild to moderate in a Boeing 747. In the 2006 Mercy Air 2 accident, an air ambulance helicopter collided with mountainous terrain near the pass in foggy weather.</p><br>
<h2>Rail transport</h2><br>
<h3>Traffic</h3><br>
<p>The California Southern Railroad, a subsidiary of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, was the first railroad to use the Cajon Pass as a route through the mountains. The rail line through the pass was built in the early 1880s as part of a connection between the present day cities of Barstow and San Diego. Today the Union Pacific Railroad and BNSF Railway (the successor to the Santa Fe) use the pass to reach Los Angeles and San Bernardino. Due to the many trains, noteworthy scenery and easy access, it is a popular location for railfans, and numerous photographs of trains on Cajon Pass appear in books and magazines about trains.</p><br>
<p>The Union Pacific Railroad operates and owns one track through the pass, on the previous Southern Pacific Railroad Palmdale cutoff, opened in 1967. The BNSF Railway had two tracks and began to operate a third main track in the summer of 2008. The railroads share track rights through the pass ever since the Union Pacific gained track rights on the Santa Fe portion negotiated under the original Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. The original BNSF (ATSF) line was constructed in the 1880s and later roads, USA Route 66 and I-15, roughly followed this route. The 3.0% grade for a few miles on the south track is challenging for long trains, making the westbound descent potentially dangerous, as a runaway can occur if the engineer is not careful in handling the brakes. The second track, built in 1913, is 2 miles (3.2 km) longer to get a lower 2.20% grade. It ran through two short tunnels, but both were removed when the third main track was added next to the 1913 line. Trains may be seen traveling at speeds of 60 and on the straighter track away from the pass, but typically ascend at 14 to 22 mph and descend at 20 to 30 mph. The third track enables a capacity of 150 trains per day on the BNSF lines.</p><br>
<h3>Incidents</h3><br>
<p>The steep downhill grade south of the pass was a contributing factor in the May 12, 1989, San Bernardino train disaster.</p><br>
<p>Cajon Pass was the site of a major train accident on December 14, 1994, when a westbound Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe intermodal train lost control and crashed into the rear of a westbound Southern Pacific coal train just below California Highway 138, between Alray and Cajon.</p><br>
<p>On February 2, 1996, two brakemen were killed when a BNSF chemical train derailed and caught fire at Cajon Pass.</p><br>
<p>The August 16, 2016, Blue Cut Fire destroyed a trestle on the Union Pacific mainline.</p><br>
<h3>Passenger service</h3><br>
<p>In the past, Amtrak&#39;s Desert Wind, which ceased operation in 1997, used the pass. Currently, the Southwest Chief, makes a daily run in each direction between Chicago and Los Angeles, through Cajon Pass on the BNSF line.</p><br>
<h2>Road transport</h2><br>
<p>The Mojave Freeway (I-15) was built in 1969 over the Cajon Summit west of the Cajon Pass. It is a major route from Los Angeles and the Inland Empire to Las Vegas. The freeway runs above and parallel to an original stretch of historic Route 66 and USA Route 395. This stretch, now known as Cajon Boulevard, is a short, well-preserved fragment dating to a rerouting and widening of the highway in the early 1950s. Only the southbound/westbound lanes are in use; the northbound/eastbound lanes and corresponding bridges are closed to through traffic. It is along this stretch of road, accessible via either the Kenwood Drive or Cleghorn Road exits that some of the best aforementioned trainspotting areas may be found.</p><br>
<p>The historic Summit Inn, off the Oak Hills exit at the summit of the pass, was a historic Route 66 diner and was in the same location from 1952 to 2016, when it was destroyed by the Blue Cut fire. Some maps may show the Cajon Pass as a feature on SR 138, which crosses I-15 south of the summit between West Cajon Valley and Summit Valley. The highest point on I-15 between Los Angeles and Victorville is thus sometimes identified as Cajon Summit. However, the entire area, including Cajon Summit, is often called Cajon Pass.</p><br>
<h2>Pacific Crest Trail</h2><br>
<p>The Pacific Crest Trail goes directly through Cajon Pass, and during the hiking season up to several hundred transient hikers will pass through this area after walking one of the hottest, driest, and most grueling sections of desert on the trail. The McDonald&#39;s restaurant at the pass happens to be very close to the trail, and it is famous among hikers, who often arrive dehydrated; most will stop here for water and salty food. Many hikers also spend the night in the one motel at Cajon Pass.</p><br>
<h2>Utilities infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>In addition to transportation infrastructure, three high voltage Southern California Edison 500 kV power lines cross the summit as well. These power lines head to the Lugo substation northeast of Cajon Pass and connect to Path 26 and Path 46. Both Path 26 and 46 provide the Los Angeles metro area another source of electricity generated from fossil fuel power plants in the Four Corners region, and hydroelectric dams along the Colorado River.</p><br>
<h2>Natural hazards</h2><br>
<p>During October and November 2003, a number of wildfires devastated the hills and mountainsides near and around the pass, forcing the closure of Interstate 15. The following winter, rains in addition to burnt vegetation caused a number of landslides to further close the freeway pass.</p><br>
<p>On July 17, 2015, during severe drought conditions plaguing the whole state and creating extreme fire hazards, a fast, wind-whipped wildfire swept over Interstate 15 between California State Route 138 and the Oak Hill Road exits, sending drivers running for safety and setting 20 vehicles ablaze, officials said. The vegetation fire, which closed the I-15 southbound lanes and restricted the northbound side to 1 lane, overtook stalled cars.</p><br>
<p>The following year, the Blue Cut Fire again forced the closure of the freeway for several days starting on August 16, 2016. The fire closed the I-15 north and southbound lanes due to the intensity of the fire. It destroyed a number of outbuildings and homes, and destroyed the Summit Inn Restaurant in Oak Hills. A McDonald&#39;s restaurant was also burned but the damage was minor. The fire threatened homes in Lytle Creek, Phelan, Oak Hills and Wrightwood and burned 37,000 acres</p><br>
<p>In addition to wildfire hazards, Cajon Pass is notorious for wind hazards. In gusty conditions it is especially difficult to navigate through it as the Santa Ana winds usually push through that area. The winds sometimes reach gale-force strength. As a result, there are usually high wind advisories as well as road signs posted throughout the area. It is not uncommon to see overturned trucks during such windy weather there.</p><br>
<p>Cajon Pass gets snow occasionally, sometimes enough to close the pass temporarily. When there is snow, the California Highway Patrol will set up checkpoints on the freeway. Since most southern Californians are without snow tires or snow chains, they are forced to turn back, or wait until the snow has stopped and the freeway has been cleared of snow.</p><br>
<p>When there is high wind or snow in the Cajon Pass, it is fairly common for weather forecasters or reporters for San Bernardino, San Diego, and Los Angeles-area televisions stations to do location reports from the Cajon Pass.</p><br>
<p>The San Andreas Fault passes through the Cajon Pass (crossing I-15 on the south side of the summit) and is responsible for the unique local geography.</p><br>
<p>Cerro Torre is one of the mountains of the Southern Patagonian Ice Field in South America. It is located in a region which is disputed between Argentina and Chile, Punta Herron, and Cerro Standhardt. The top of the mountain often has a mushroom of rime ice, formed by the constant strong winds, increasing the difficulty of reaching the actual summit.</p><br>
<h2>First ascent</h2><br>
<p>Cesare Maestri claimed in 1959 that he and Toni Egger had reached the summit and that Egger had been swept to his death by an avalanche while they were descending. Maestri declared that Egger had the camera with the pictures of the summit, but this camera was never found. Inconsistencies in Maestris account, and the lack of bolts, pitons or fixed ropes on the route, have led most mountaineers to doubt Maestris claim. They did not find any evidence of previous climbing on the route described by Maestri and found the route significantly different from Maestri&#39;s description. In 2015, Rolando Garibotti published evidence that the information provided by Maestri do not agree with respect to the alleged summit ascent. Instead, he and Egger were on the western flank of Perfil de Indio.</p><br>
<p>Maestri went back to Cerro Torre in 1970 with Ezio Alimonta, Daniele Angeli, Claudio Baldessarri, Carlo Claus and Pietro Vidi, trying a new route on the southeast face. With the aid of a gas-powered compressor drill, Maestri equipped 350 m of rock with bolts and got to the end of the rocky part of the mountain, just below the ice mushroom. Maestri claimed that "the mushroom is not part of the mountain" and did not continue to the summit. The compressor was left, tied to the last bolts, 100 m below the top. Maestri was heavily criticised for the "unfair" methods he used to climb the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The route Maestri followed is now known as the Compressor route and was climbed to the summit in 1979 by Jim Bridwell and Steve Brewer. Most parties consider the ascent complete only if they summit the often-difficult ice-rime mushroom.</p><br>
<p>The first undisputed ascent was made in 1974 by the "Ragni di Lecco" climbers Daniele Chiappa, Mario Conti, Casimiro Ferrari, and Pino Negri.</p><br>
<h2>Subsequent ascents</h2><br>
<p>In 1977, the first Alpine style ascent was completed by Dave Carman, John Bragg and Jay Wilson (USA). They took a week to summit Cerro Torre, which had taken the Italian group two months to summit. In 1980, Bill Denz (New Zealand) attempted the first solo of the Compressor Route. Over a five-month period, he made 13 concerted attempts but was driven back by storms on every occasion. On his last attempt, in November 1980, he got to within 60 m of the summit.</p><br>
<p>In January 2008, Rolando Garibotti and Colin Haley made the first complete traverse of the entire massif, climbing Aguja Standhardt, Punta Herron, Torre Egger and Cerro Torre together. They rate their route at Grade VI 5.11 A1 WI6 Mushroom Ice 6, with 2,200 m total vertical gain. This had been "one of the world&#39;s most iconic, unclimbed lines", first attempted by Ermanno Salvaterra.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, Austrian climber David Lama was held responsible for around 30 new bolts and hundreds of meters of fixed rope added to the Compressor Route on the mountain (due to bad weather conditions, much of the gear was left on the mountain and later removed by local climbers). Although the bolts were drilled by Austrian guide Markus Pucher, and not by Lama himself, it was done as part of his trip sponsored by Red Bull and many climbers regard Lama and Red Bull as responsible. Many of the bolts were drilled next to cracks, which are usually used by climbers for protection on the route. This has caused a large controversy in certain climbers&#39; circles, as his actions are unethical according to climbing purists. Although Lama was not aware of the sheer number of bolts that were drilled, he took full responsibility for the actions. In the upcoming years, he publicly regretted what happened.</p><br>
<p>On 16 January 2012, American Hayden Kennedy and Canadian Jason Kruk made the first "fair-means" (a term used to describe a reasonable use of bolts for safety and aesthetics, "a long-accepted practice in mountain range") ascent of the Southeast Ridge, near the controversial Compressor Route, using only two of Maestris original belay anchors on the headwall. After summiting, Kennedy and Kruk removed 125 of the bolt-ladder bolts during their descent. Colin Haley, who watched the ascent from Norwegos, estimated the climb took them thirteen hours from their bivy on the shoulder to the summit. "The speed with which they navigated virgin ground on the upper headwall is certainly testament to Haydens great skills on rock", Haley reported. There has been much discussion concerning the removal of bolts from the compressor route by Kennedy and Kruk. However, the consensus amongst the climbing community is that of agreement for removing the bolts and it has embraced their actions as having "restored Cerro Torre&#39;s southeast ridge to the realm of genuine adventure".</p><br>
<p>In contrast to David Lamas free ascent (also "fair-means&quot January 2012, together with Peter Ortner), Kennedy and Kruk used bolts (although not Maestris) during their ascent. Lama estimated the difficulties of his free ascent (which followed a new line circumventing the bolt traverse and in the upper headwall) as grade X- (hard 8a but mentally highly demanding; e.g., climbing on loose flakes, long runouts). Lama stated that a free repetition of the original Compressor Route is virtually impossible (in particular as the rock of the last pitches comprise no climbable features).</p><br>
<h2>Notable ascents and attempts</h2><br>
<p>1959 – Cesare Maestri (Italy) and Toni Egger (Austria) - disputed ascent of West Face. Egger died.</p><br>
<p>1970 – Maestri et al. (Italy), Compressor route to 60 meters below summit.</p><br>
<p>1973 – Keven Carroll (AUS) and Steven McAndrews (USA) West Face 5th ascent. Died on descent from rock fall. Earlier seen on summit ridge.</p><br>
<p>1974 – Daniele Chiappa, Mario Conti, Casimiro Ferrari and Pino Negri (Italy). First undisputed ascent.</p><br>
<p>1977 – Dave Carman, John Bragg and Jay Wilson (USA). First Alpine-style ascent.</p><br>
<p>1979 – Jim Bridwell and Steve Brewer complete climb of Compressor Route.</p><br>
<p>1985 July 3–8 First winter ascent by Paolo Caruso, Maurizio Giarolli and Ermanno Salvaterra (IT).</p><br>
<p>1985 November 26 Compressor route - first solo by Marco Pedrini (Swiss). Filmed by Fulvio Mariani: Cerro Torre Cumbre.</p><br>
<p>2004 Five Years to Paradise (ED:VI 5.10b A2 95 deg, 1000 m) (right center on East Face): Ermanno Salvaterra, Alessandro Beltrami, and Giacomo Rossetti (all from Italy).</p><br>
<p>2012 January 16 – First fair means ascent of the Southeast Ridge (5.11 A2), without using any of Cesare Maestri&#39;s bolts on the Compressor Route, by Hayden Kennedy and Jason Kruk.</p><br>
<p>2012 January 19 – First free ascent of the Southeast Ridge by a new variation, also without using any of Cesare Maestri&#39;s bolts on the Compressor Route, by David Lama; Lama and Ortner.</p><br>
<p>2013 February – First free solo of Cerro Torre by Austrian alpinist Markus Pucher.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Cerro Torre was featured in the 1991 film Scream of Stone, directed by Werner Herzog and starring Vittorio Mezzogiorno, Hans Kammerlander, and Donald Sutherland.</p><br>
<p>Jon Krakauer, aside from the detailed recounting of the climb of the mountain in his book Eiger Dreams, mentions it briefly in Into Thin Air as one of his earlier difficult ascents (1992): "Id scaled a frightening, mile-high spike of vertical and overhanging granite called Cerro Torre; buffeted by hundred-knot winds, plastered with frangible atmospheric rime, it was once (though no longer) thought to be the worlds hardest mountain".</p><br>
<p>In March 2014, an adventure documentary was released following the "first ever free ascent" of Cerro Torre, featuring David Lama. Cerro Torre - A Snowball&#39;s Chance in Hell premiered at San Sebastián International Film Festival in September 2013.</p><br>
<p>The United States National Arboretum is an arboretum in Washington, D.C., operated by the United States Department of Agriculture&#39;s Agricultural Research Service as a division of the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center. It was established in 1927, by an act of Congress after a campaign by USDA Chief Botanist Frederick Vernon Coville.</p><br>
<p>It is 446 acre in size and is located 2.2 mi northeast of the Capitol building, with entrances on New York Avenue and R Street, Northeast. The campus&#39;s gardens and collections are connected by roadways that are nine miles long in total.</p><br>
<p>The arboretum functions as a major center of botanical research. It conducts research on trees, flowering plants, shrubs and turf, as well as the development of plants. It has a library with 11,000 volumes and approximately 100 publications concentrating in botanical literature.</p><br>
<h2>Gardens/collections</h2><br>
<h3>Major garden features</h3><br>
<p>Aquatic Plants Collection</p><br>
<p>Asian Collections</p><br>
<p>Japanese Woodland</p><br>
<p>Asian Valley</p><br>
<p>China Valley</p><br>
<p>Korean Hillside</p><br>
<p>Classical Chinese Garden (proposed), a 12 acre garden designed by a joint team from China and the United States.</p><br>
<p>Flowering Tree Collection</p><br>
<p>Flowering Tree Walk</p><br>
<p>The Friendship Garden and Arbor House</p><br>
<p>Arbor House Gift Shop operated by National Capital Area Garden Clubs, Inc.</p><br>
<p>Friends of the National Arboretum Office</p><br>
<p>National Bonsai Foundation Office</p><br>
<p>Gotelli Dwarf and Slow Growing Conifer Collection</p><br>
<p>Gotelli & Watnong Collections</p><br>
<p>Spruces, Firs, Japanese Maples</p><br>
<p>Introduction Garden</p><br>
<p>National Bonsai and Penjing Museum</p><br>
<p>Japanese, Chinese, North American, and International Pavilions</p><br>
<p>National Capitol Columns (see image above)</p><br>
<p>National Grove of State Trees, specimens of most of the USA state trees</p><br>
<p>National Herb Garden</p><br>
<p>Historic Roses</p><br>
<p>Knot Garden</p><br>
<p>Specialty Gardens</p><br>
<p>Native Plant Collections ("Fern Valley")</p><br>
<p>Fern Valley Woodland</p><br>
<p>Prairie</p><br>
<p>Southeastern Coastal Plain</p><br>
<p>Source:</p><br>
<h3>Single-genus groupings</h3><br>
<p>Azalea Collections</p><br>
<p>Glenn Dale Azalea Hillside</p><br>
<p>Morrison Garden</p><br>
<p>Lee Garden</p><br>
<p>Dogwood Collection</p><br>
<p>Dogwoods</p><br>
<p>Anacostia River Overlook</p><br>
<p>Holly Collection</p><br>
<p>Magnolia Collection</p><br>
<p>Maple Collection</p><br>
<p>National Boxwood Collection</p><br>
<p>Perennial Collections</p><br>
<p>Peony</p><br>
<p>Iris</p><br>
<p>Daylily</p><br>
<p>Daffodil</p><br>
<p>Source:</p><br>
<h3>Bonsai</h3><br>
<p>The collection includes a Japanese White Pine, (Pinus parviflora Miyajima) bonsai tree, donated in 1975 by Masaru Yamaki to mark the US bicentenary. This tree was formerly in Hiroshima, and survived the atomic bomb dropped in that city in 1945. The tree has been "in training" since 1625.</p><br>
<h2>Public art</h2><br>
<p>The Arboretum features a small group of public artworks including "Split Ritual" by American sculptor Beverly Pepper. The piece is made of ductile iron and stands at H. 10 ft x W. 44 in x D. 100 in. It consists of four vertical pieces that look like large tools. They are placed in a circle on top of a doughnut shaped flat foundation and each tool is unique. The sculpture was dedicated in 1993 and in the same year was surveyed by the Smithsonian&#39;s Save Outdoor Sculpture! program and its condition was declared as well maintained.</p><br>
<p>Pistyll Rhaeadr  is a waterfall, located a few miles from the village of Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant in Powys, Wales, twelve miles west of Oswestry.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Pistyll Rhaeadr is formed by the Afon Disgynfa falling, in three stages, over a 240 ft Silurian cliff-face, below which the river is known as the Afon Rhaeadr. The tallest stage is estimated at about 40 metres. It is counted as one of the Seven Wonders of Wales and is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The 19th century author George Borrow, in his book Wild Wales, remarked of the waterfall: "What shall I liken it to? I scarcely know, unless it is to an immense skein of silk agitated and disturbed by tempestuous blasts, or to the long tail of a grey courser at furious speed. I never saw water falling so gracefully, so much like thin, beautiful threads as here."</p><br>
<p>There is car parking space near the foot of the waterfall for people who want to explore the waterfall, with a café and a B&B alongside.</p><br>
<p>The waterfall is often referred to by the media, government sources, and other sources as the tallest in Wales or the tallest single drop in the United Kingdom. However, it is not a single drop, and both its single drop height and its total height are surpassed by both the Devil&#39;s Appendix and Pistyll y Llyn, as well as several other waterfalls.</p><br>
<p>East Montalivet Island and West Montalivet Island are islands off the north west coast of Australia, in the state of Western Australia, in the Indian Ocean. They are often referred to together as the Montlivet Islands although this is not a gazetted name.</p><br>
<p>They were discovered by Nicolas Baudin in 1802, and named after Jean-Pierre Bachasson, 1st count of Montalivet (1766 - 1823), peer of France and French statesman, in the atlas of his expedition.</p><br>
<p>The locations of the islands are:</p><br>
<p>* East Montalivet Island :</p><br>
<p>* West Montalivet Island :</p><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>*Edward Duyker François Péron: An Impetuous Life: Naturalist and Voyager, Miegunyah/MUP, Melb., 2006, pp. 349, ,</p><br>
<p>* Fornasiero, Jean; Monteath, Peter and West-Sooby, John. Encountering Terra Australis: the Australian voyages of Nicholas Baudin and Matthew Flinders, Kent Town, South Australia,Wakefield Press,2004.</p><br>
<p>*Frank Horner, The French Reconnaissance: Baudin in Australia 1801—1803, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, 1987 .</p><br>
<p>Longos  is a village in the municipal unit of Sympoliteia in the northeastern part of Achaea in the Peloponnese, Greece. The villages Longos and Selianitika  share a beautiful beach on the Gulf of Corinth which is approximately 1.5 km long. Both villages are among the most popular summer destinations of Achaea. Longos is 2 km east of Kamares, 4 km northwest of Rododafni and 7 km northwest of Aigio. The Greek National Road 8A  runs southwest of the village.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>The "Longos Football Field" is located in the southwestern side of Longos village near Foinikas River. Longos historical football team, "Aris Longou", used to be the pride of the natives due to the participation in the First Local Division. Aris Longou produced skilled football players (i.e. Giannis Baltimas - former Panachaiki goalkeeper) who participated in the National Division (Greek Super League). Longos sport activities include also 5x5 football fields and a basketball court.</p><br>
<p>The Tai Tam Reservoirs, also known as Tai Tam Reservoir Group, is a group of reservoirs located in the Tai Tam Country Park in the eastern part of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs consist of:</p><br>
<p>Tai Tam Upper Reservoir, 22.260&deg; latitude, 114.210&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>Tai Tam Byewash Reservoir ,</p><br>
<p>Tai Tam Intermediate Reservoir 22.246&deg; latitude, 114.210&deg; longitude and</p><br>
<p>Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir 22.243&deg; latitude, 114.220&deg; longitude.</p><br>
<p>The upper and byewash reservoirs are joinly known as Tai Tam Reservoir.</p><br>
<p>The planning of the reservoirs is known as Tai Tam Scheme which was started early in 1872 and was shelved 1874 because of economic depression. The scheme was continued later in 1882 and virtually completed in 1888. Yet again, the supply was proved insufficient and the building of the Tai Tam Tuk dam began in 1912. The four reservoirs have a total storage capacity of 6.2 million cubic metres.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs are surrounded by Mount Butler, Jardine&#39;s Lookout, Violet Hill and Mount Parker, with an extraordinary environment of peace and quiet.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs are managed by Water Supplies Department of Hong Kong Government.</p><br>
<p>In September 2009, the Tai Tam Waterworks Heritage Trail was opened, touring the architectural landmarks of the reservoir system. Placards in describe the features, giving insights into the work involved in the construction of what the source of most of Hong Kong Island&#39;s fresh water supply.</p><br>
<p>A restricted road, Tai Tam Reservoir Road, links reservoirs from Wong Nai Chung Gap to Tai Tam.</p><br>
<p>The Sturgeon River is a 177 km river that springs near Lady Evelyn-Smoothwater Provincial Park in the Timiskaming District in Ontario, Canada. It flows in a south-easterly direction through Sudbury and Nipissing Districts before it empties into Lake Nipissing on the north shore. The town of Sturgeon Falls is located on the river about 3 km north of its mouth. The northerly region of the river is surrounded by the Sturgeon River Provincial Park.</p><br>
<p>Ontario Power Generation operates a hydroelectric plant on the river at Crystal Falls. From 1848 to 1879, the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company operated a fur trading post called Sturgeon River House on this river. Up until the middle of the 20th century, the river was used to transport logs to sawmills on Lake Nipissing.</p><br>
<p>Portions of the upper Sturgeon River are part of the Sturgeon River Waterway Provincial Park. This park consists of 33.5 km&sup2; of protected wilderness stretched out along the river banks without any visitors facilities present. It is managed by Ontario Parks.</p><br>
<h2>Tributaries</h2><br>
<p>*Obabika River</p><br>
<p>*Chiniguchi River</p><br>
<p>*Temagami River</p><br>
<p>Lake Chapala  is Mexico&#39;s largest freshwater lake. It lies in the municipalities of Chapala, Jocotepec, Poncitlán, and Jamay, in Jalisco, and in Venustiano Carranza and Cojumatlán de Régules, in Michoacán.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Geographic features</h3><br>
<p>It is located at 20&deg;20&prime;N latitude, 103&deg;00&prime;W longitude, 45 km southeast of Guadalajara, Jalisco, and is situated on the border between the states of Jalisco and Michoacán, at 1,524 metres (5000 feet) above sea level. Its approximate dimensions are 80 km from east to west and averages 12.5 km (7.8 miles) from north to south, and covers an approximate area of 1,100 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>It is a shallow lake, with a mean depth of 4.5 m and a maximum of 10.5 m.</p><br>
<p>It is fed by the Río Lerma, Río Zula, Río Huaracha, and Río Duero rivers, and drained by the Rio Grande de Santiago. The water then flows northwest into the Pacific Ocean.</p><br>
<h3>Islands</h3><br>
<p>The lake also contains three small islands, Isla de los Alacranes (the larger of the three), Isla Mezcala, and a third very small island next to Isla Mezcala called La Isla Menor.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>The city of Guadalajara, Jalisco, has relied on Lake Chapala as a principal source of water since the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>Shortly after, a few consecutive years of poor rainfall dramatically decreased the water level of the Lake. The level rebounded until 1979, when Lake Chapala&#39;s water level began rapidly decreasing due to increases in urban water consumption.</p><br>
<p>Erosion due to deforestation along the Lake as well as the Lerma River has led to increased sedimentation of the Lake, also contributing to loss of lake depth. The shrinking depth has also raised the Lake&#39;s average temperature, resulting in increased evaporation.</p><br>
<p>Simultaneously, the waters of Lake Chapala are polluted by municipal, industrial and agricultural wastes, coming primarily from the Lerma River. The increased presence of nutrients from the pollution combined with the warmer water has been a boon to an invasive species of water hyacinth.</p><br>
<p>The increase in water pollution has had devastating effects on the ecology of the lake. Fish stock has decreased dramatically and some endemic species (e.g. a fish colloquially known as white fish) are on the verge of extinction. Contaminated fish stock has also posed a serious threat to the health and livelihoods of people who depend on the fish for food and their livelihoods.</p><br>
<p>The drop in the lakes water level has uncovered political issues that had been hidden for many years. Its fast decay has raised concern in the surrounding areas and in the scientific community. It was the Global Nature Funds "Threatened Lake of the Year" in 2004.</p><br>
<p>By 2007 and 2008, the level of Lake Chapala increased drastically, though the levels have yet to surpass the level in 1979, when the levels began a precipitous decline. Although it is still subject to agricultural, domestic, and industrial sources of contamination, the actual levels of hazardous materials has not been officially assessed with regularity.</p><br>
<p>In 2010 water level has remained high and quality has improved due to water treatment plants along the Lerma river. The water has been approved since 2008 for human use.</p><br>
<h3>Habitat</h3><br>
<p>The lake is also a critical habitat for several species of migratory birds, such as the American white pelican, and home to thousands of indigenous plants and animals.The Audubonistas de Laguna de Chapala holds an annual Audubon Society sponsored Christmas Bird Count. In 2006, some 117 species were identified and, in 2007, the count was 125. By January, 2011, some 173 species were recorded.</p><br>
<h2>Communities</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous towns and cities along the coast of Lake Chapala, including Chapala, Jalisco, Ajijic, San Antonio Tlayacapan, Jocotepec, San Juan Cosala, Mezcala de la Asunción, Tizapan El Alto, La Palma, Michoacán and Ocotlán.</p><br>
<p>In recent years, because of the benign prevailing climate and attractive scenery, a substantial colony of retirees, including many from the United States and Canada, has established itself on the lake&#39;s shore, particularly in the town of Ajijic, Jalisco, located just west of the city of Chapala.</p><br>
<p>Allerton Hall is in Clarke&#39;s Gardens, Allerton, Liverpool, Merseyside, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II* listed building.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>During the medieval period the manor of Allerton was held by the Lathom family.</p><br>
<p>During her long widowhood, (née Legh) the wife of Richard Lathom (1563–1602), occupied Allerton Hall. And by her Will and Codicil, both executed in July, 1624, gave her second son, Edward Lathom, the occupation and profit of “this my hall in Allerton," and the houses and lands for three years after her death for the better discharging of her debts and to keep her other sons, Richard and John, “with dyet." and until her grandson, Richard Lathom (of Parbold, son of Thomas who died in 1623), then an infant of about two years old, the heir of Parbold and Allerton, "came of age".</p><br>
<p>Richard Lathom, a Royalist, fought alongside his uncles in the English Civil War. Richard survived the war but his Estate was "forfeited in the name of treason" by Cromwell&#39;s parliament in 1652.</p><br>
<p>"The commissioners" (of parliament who had confiscated the estate) sold it in 1654 to a John Sumpner of Midhurst, Sussex. for £2,700. Notwithstanding that the Lathoms, father, mother, and children, now dispossessed, were frequently convicted of recusancy and suffered the penalties accordingly, they contrived to hang on to both Parbold and Allerton a little longer. Indeed, it was not until 1670 that the Sumpners managed to eject the Lathoms, and only then by increasing the amount of the original purchase price.</p><br>
<p>When assessments were made for the hearth tax in 1666, Allerton Hall was one of the larger houses in the parish of Childwall with eight hearths; this was exceeded only by Speke Hall with twenty-one hearths and Brettargh Holt with nine. The estate was bought in 1736 by John Hardman and his brother James, and it is likely that the present house on the site originates from this time. John Hardman was a West Indies merchant originally from Rochdale.</p><br>
<p>The property passed to James Hardman&#39;s widow, Jane, in 1754. In about 1779, the house was bought by the lawyer, philanthropist and abolitionist, William Roscoe. Roscoe completed the building of the house but had to sell it in 1816 when he became bankrupt.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, the mansion was rented by Charles Kuhn Prioleau, an American landowner from South Carolina who financially supported the Confederate States and who married Mary Elizabeth Wright, daughter of the owner of the hall. In the early part of the 20th century the building was owned by the Clarke family who donated it to Liverpool City Council in 1927. The building was damaged by two fires, in 1994 and in 1995.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Allerton Hall is designed in Palladian style and built in red sandstone with three storeys. It is a symmetrical building, extending over eleven bays; the central three bays and the lateral two bays on each side project forward. The central three bays form a portico with Ionic columns and a pediment. The ground floor of the building is rusticated.</p><br>
<p>Surviving the fires, are a room at the west end which has panelled walls and a stucco ceiling in Rococo style, and parts of Roscoe&#39;s library. In the grounds to the west of the house is a sundial dated 1750.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>In 2009 Allerton Hall is run as a public house known as the Pub in the Park.</p><br>
<p>Foster Botanical Garden, measuring 13.5 acre, is one of five public botanical gardens on Oahu. It is located at 50 North Vineyard Boulevard, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States, near Chinatown at the intersection of Nu&#39;uanu Avenue and Vineyard Boulevard. Foster is in a highly urban area with strip malls, schools, and both Buddhist and Methodist religious facilities nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Garden is the oldest botanical garden in Hawaii, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1853, Queen Kalama leased 4.6 acre of land to William Hillebrand, a German physician and botanist who built his home and planted trees on the site. During his stay, he introduced a number of plants to Hawaii, as well as deer and mynah birds. Many of the large trees growing today on the Upper Terrace were Hillebrand&#39;s plantings. After 20 years Hillebrand returned to Germany, where he published Flora of the Hawaiian Islands in 1888. In 1884 the property was sold to Thomas R. Foster and his wife Mary E. Foster (née Robinson), who continued to develop the garden as their homesite. Upon her death in 1930, Mary Foster bequeathed the land and her home to the City and County of Honolulu, with the provision that the city accept and forever keep and properly maintain the (gardens) as a public and tropical park to be known and called Foster Park. At the time, the gardens were roughly 5.5 acre.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Harold Lyon, the first director of Foster Garden, introduced thousands of new plants and trees to Hawaii, and started its famous orchid collection. Paul Weissich, director from 1957 to 1989, expanded Foster Garden to 14 acre of native plants, and developed four additional sites on Oahu Island to create the 650 acre Honolulu Botanical Gardens system. Taken as a whole, these five gardens feature rare species from tropical environments ranging from desert to rainforest, comprising the largest and most diverse tropical plant collection in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Garden is the inspiration for a line in Joni Mitchells 1970 folk song "Big Yellow Taxi": "Took all the trees, put em in a tree museum / Then charge people a dollar and a half just to see &#39;em.".</p><br>
<h2>Foster Botanical Garden today</h2><br>
<p>Today the garden consists of the Upper Terrace (the oldest part of the garden); Middle Terraces (palms, aroids, heliconias, gingers); Economic Garden (herbs, spices, dyes, poisons); Prehistoric Glen (primitive plants planted in 1965); Lyon Orchid Garden; and Hybrid Orchid Display. It also contains a number of exceptional trees, including a Sacred Fig which is a clone descendant of the Bodhi tree that Buddha sat under for inspiration, a sapling of which was gifted to Mary Foster by Anagarika Dharmapala in 1913. All told, it contains 25 of about 100 Oahu trees designated as exceptional.</p><br>
<p>The garden also contains several memorials and sculptures:</p><br>
<p>A small replica of the Daibutsu of Kamakura commemorates 100 years of Japanese immigration to Hawaii</p><br>
<p>A memorial stone on the site of the first Japanese language school on Oahu, where an anti-aircraft shell exploded into an auditorium full of children during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor</p><br>
<p>The 1977 abstract ceramic sculpture Sandwich Isle by artist Bob Flint</p><br>
<p>The 1974 sculpture Tree by Charles W. Watson</p><br>
<p>As of 2011, the admission price for visitors to Hawaii is $5.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<h2>Further reading</h2><br>
<p>Foster Botanical Garden, undated pamphlet distributed at the garden</p><br>
<p>Berkley was an incorporated town in Norfolk County, Virginia. Chartered by an Act of Assembly in 1890, the Town of Berkley was located directly across the Eastern Branch Elizabeth River from the City of Norfolk in the South Hampton Roads area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the 18th century, Berkley developed port facilities and a shipyard on the Elizabeth River across from Norfolk. In the 19th century, it was the rail terminus of the original Norfolk Southern Railway, a regional railroad extending 600 miles to Charlotte, North Carolina (and a predecessor of the modern Norfolk Southern rail system headquartered in Norfolk).</p><br>
<p>Both the Town of Berkley and Norfolk County are extinct as jurisdictions. Fearing annexation ambitions by its larger neighbor, the City of Norfolk, in the late 19th century, the town leaders petitioned the Virginia General Assembly to become an independent city (which would have created immunity from annexation), but the effort failed. On January 1, 1906, the Town of Berkley was annexed by the City of Norfolk, and is now considered a neighborhood of that city. (Remaining portions of Norfolk County were consolidated with the City of South Norfolk in 1963 to form the City of Chesapeake).</p><br>
<p>In the 21st century, the Berkley Bridge on I-264 links Berkley with the downtown area of Norfolk. It is one of a few drawbridges on the Interstate Highway System. Berkley also is the site of the juncture of the Downtown Tunnel (across the river to Portsmouth) and Interstate 464 (leading to Chesapeake).</p><br>
<h2>Berkley North Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Berkley North Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>People from Berkley</h2><br>
<p>Peggy Hopkins Joyce (May 26, 1893&ndash;June 12, 1957), Broadway actress and New York City socialite, was born in Berkley.</p><br>
<p>Mary Pinkney Hardy "Pinky" MacArthur (May 22, 1852&ndash;December 3, 1935), wife of United States Army Lieutenant General Arthur MacArthur, Jr. and mother of General of the Army Douglas MacArthur, was born, raised and married at her Hardy family plantation, "Riveredge", in Berkley. A memorial to her stands at the north end of South Main Street, near the former site of the mansion.</p><br>
<p>William Henry Lewis (November 28, 1868 - January 1, 1949), the first African American appointed as an Assistant US Attorney (in Boston) and the first African-American US Assistant Attorney Generals. Born to freedmen parents, he grew up in Berkley and went North to complete college, where he played football, and received his law degree.</p><br>
<p>Kenneth Cooper Alexander (born October 17, 1966, in Norfolk, Virginia and grew up in the Berkley area), an American politician of the Democratic Party. From 2002 - 2012, he served in the Virginia House of Delegates; he was elected in 2012 to the Senate of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Minnie Madrey (1912-2001) late civic leader and activist of Berkley.</p><br>
<p>Rev. Dr. Jake Manley, Sr. (1924-2013), pastor of the Bethany Baptist Church (South Norfolk) and community leader. The church he pastored was founded in Berkley, before relocating to South Norfolk area of Chesapeake.</p><br>
<p>Blandford Cemetery is a historic cemetery located in Petersburg, Virginia, United States. The oldest stone, marking the grave of Richard Yarbrough, reads 1702. Veterans of every American war are buried there, including 30,000 Confederates killed in the Siege of Petersburg  during the American Civil War. It is located adjacent to the People&#39;s Memorial Cemetery, a historic African-American cemetery.</p><br>
<p>In 1866, Blandford Cemetery was the site of Decoration Day ceremony. While visiting the cemetery, the wife of Union General John A. Logan was present and spied Miss Nora Fontaine Davidson, a schoolteacher, and her pupils putting flowers and tiny Confederate flags on the soldiers&#39; graves. Shortly afterward General Logan issued a proclamation calling for the observance of Memorial Day. Locals say that Decoration Day served as the inspiration for the federal Memorial Day.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, Bellware and Gardiner dismissed this claim in The Genesis of the Memorial Day Holiday in America. They point out that General Logan was aware of the southern observances of Memorial Day prior to his wife’s trip to Virginia in 1868 and even mentioned them in a speech in 1866.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery grounds cover 189 acre, making it the second largest cemetery in Virginia behind Arlington National Cemetery. The original burial grounds, referred to as the "old ground," span 4 acre and includes the historic Blandford Church.</p><br>
<p>Colonel Robert Bolling, Confederate Major General William Mahone, his wife Otelia, and many of their kinfolk, Confederate Brigadier General Cullen A. Battle and Confederate Brigadier General David A. Weisiger are interred there.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is adjacent to Blandford Church, which is a Confederate memorial that features a full set of windows designed by Tiffany studios.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Joseph Cotten</p><br>
<p>Alva Curtis Hartsfield: one of 10 students from the Virginia Military Institute killed at the Battle of New Market on May 15, 1864.</p><br>
<p>Patricia Medina</p><br>
<p>Major General William Phillips</p><br>
<p>Mary Tannahill</p><br>
<p>The Cemetery contains two British Commonwealth war graves, a Royal Flying Corps cadet of World War I and a Royal Canadian Air Force officer of World War II.</p><br>
<p>Patrick H. Drewry</p><br>
<p>Francis R. Lassiter</p><br>
<p>William Robertson McKenney</p><br>
<p>Edward Carrington Venable</p><br>
<p>James Gholson</p><br>
<p>Bredon Hill is a hill in Worcestershire, England, south-west of Evesham in the Vale of Evesham. The summit of the hill is in the parish of Kemerton, and it extends over parts of eight other parishes . The hill is geologically part of the Cotswolds and lies within the Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. However, as the result of erosion over millions of years, it now stands isolated in the Vale of Evesham.</p><br>
<p>At the summit, adjacent to Kemerton Camp, is a small stone tower called Parsons Folly (or the Banbury Stone Tower) which stands at GPS coordinates (52.059963, -2.064606). The tower was built in the mid-18th century for John Parsons, MP (1732&ndash;1805), squire of Kemerton Court and intended as a summer house, from which a more extensive view of the surrounding countryside could be seen. The 981 ft natural height of the hill contributes to the final height of the tower, whose top now reaches 1,000 ft. A similar tower on Leith Hill increases the overall height from. The folly (tower) became a well-known county landmark, and was believed to have inspired the building of Broadway Tower. The current owners, Overbury Estate, lease out the tower as a mobile phone base station, and a number of large aerials have been fitted to its exterior.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the summit of the hill, there are the remains of earthworks from an Iron Age hill fort known as Kemerton Camp, which is believed to have been abandoned in the 1st century A.D. after a considerable battle.</p><br>
<p>There are also Roman earthworks and a number of ancient standing stones on the hill. One large stone at the summit is called the Banbury Stone, deriving from Baenintesburg, a name for the fort in the 8th century. It is known colloquially as the Elephant Stone because of its resemblance to that animal. Another pair of stones below the summit are known as the King and Queen Stones. Local legend tells that if you pass between them you will be cured of illness.</p><br>
<p>At Elmley Castle, on the north side of the hill, there are the remains of a considerable medieval castle, once the chief stronghold of the powerful Beauchamp family, who became Earls of Warwick. The castle fell into disrepair during the 16th century, and stone from it was used in the construction of the bridge at Pershore.</p><br>
<p>A fair and summer games were held every Whitsun at the summit of Bredon Hill until c.1876.</p><br>
<p>On 17 October 2011 Worcestershire County Council announced that Worcestershire&#39;s largest-ever hoard of Roman artefacts, including around 4,000 coins, featuring 16 different emperors, had been uncovered.</p><br>
<h2>Nature and geography</h2><br>
<p>Bredon Hill is one of the most important wildlife sites in England, providing a range of habitats including ancient woodland, calcareous grassland and scrub. A large section of the western and northern scarp was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1955. Since 2005, an overlapping area has also been designated as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the European Commission Habitats Directive. Part of the SAC is a National Nature Reserve. Bredon Hill is most important as habitat for rare invertebrates, such as the violet click beetle. Natural England and Kemerton Conservation Trust are among those organisations participating in wildlife management on the hill.</p><br>
<p>Several parts of the hill are managed for wildlife under DEFRA Environmental Stewardship schemes. This includes the area around the summit, which is managed as grassland with open public access.</p><br>
<p>A large number of public footpaths and bridleways cross the hill from the villages circling its base, and allow for a variety of circular routes to be devised. The Wychavon Way passes over the hill, but does not reach the summit itself, passing close by (necessitating a short easy detour).</p><br>
<p>The Ordnance Survey 1:50,000 map has for many years shown the top as "229 m. That this is a typographical error is obvious from the contours; the 1:25,000 map shows the spot height as.</p><br>
<h2>Literature and the arts</h2><br>
<p>Bredon Hill features in the works of a multitude of composers, poets, writers and artists. This pantheon includes the composers Ralph Vaughan Williams, Sir Arthur Somervell, Ivor Gurney, George Butterworth, Herbert Howells and Julius Harrison; the poets A. E. Housman, John Masefield, Cecil Day-Lewis, John Drinkwater and U. A. Fanthorpe; the authors E. V. Lucas, Arthur Quiller-Couch, William Cobbett, E. Temple Thurston, Francis Brett Young, John Moore, Fred Archer and Jenny Glanfield; and the artists Peter de Wint, Alfred William Parsons, Benjamin Williams Leader, Frederick Whitehead, Josiah Wood Whymper, Alfred Egerton Cooper, A. R. Quinton, Henry Yeend King and Anna Hornby.</p><br>
<p>Bredon Hill is the birthplace of farmer and writer Fred Archer (1915–1999), whose many books describe, in vivid prose, life on the farms and in the villages, particularly during the first part of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The author John Moore described life on and around Bredon Hill in the early 20th century in the Brensham Trilogy.</p><br>
<p>The children&#39;s author Ursula Moray Williams lived on the hill in Beckford from 1945 until her death in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The hill is immortalised in poem 21 of A. E. Housman&#39;s 1896 anthology, A Shropshire Lad.</p><br>
<h2>Incidental information</h2><br>
<p>When Worcester Cathedral was damaged in the English civil war, it was repaired with stone brought from Bredon.</p><br>
<p>The name "Bredon Hill" is unusual in that it combines the name for "hill" in three different languages (compare Pendle Hill). The word "bre" is of Celtic origin, and "don" is an Old English usage.</p><br>
<p>A well-known local saying, which predicts bad weather, goes: "When Bredon Hill has on his hat, men of the vale beware of that".</p><br>
<p>Julius Harrison&#39;s 1941 composition for violin and orchestra, Bredon Hill, takes its name from the hill which he could see from his home.</p><br>
<h2>Villages</h2><br>
<p>The hill is made up from land belonging to 9 parishes. Working clockwise from the summit these are:</p><br>
<p>Kemerton</p><br>
<p>Bredon & Bredon&#39;s Norton</p><br>
<p>Eckington</p><br>
<p>Great Comberton</p><br>
<p>Little Comberton</p><br>
<p>Elmley Castle, Bricklehampton & Netherton</p><br>
<p>Ashton under Hill</p><br>
<p>Beckford</p><br>
<p>Overbury & Conderton</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary arts and crafts</h2><br>
<p>There is a lively local arts scene around the hill such as the Bredon Hill Open Studios group of artists, designers and craftspeople who open up their studios to the public. This group includes the artist Samantha Dadd, Conderton Pottery and Beckford Silk-printing workshop. Contemporary artists painting the local area include Nick Holdsworth and Tony Whitehouse.</p><br>
<p>Pelican Island was a small uninhabited island that once existed off the west coast of Bridgetown and Fontabelle, in St. Michael, Barbados. According to historical record, the island received its name from brown pelicans that would nest there.</p><br>
<p>To get there, one could have used one of the pair of nearby boat jetties along the Barbados shoreline, or during low tide it was believed to have been possible to wade out to the island as well.</p><br>
<p>The island held a quarantine facility specifically for sick crew and passengers from ships, so as not to spread communicable / infectious diseases to the mainland. There were housing facilities for patients, a morgue, a caretaker&#39;s quarters and a laundry area equipped with a cauldron for boiling clothes for sterilisation.</p><br>
<p>Over the five years of 1956 to 1961 the Caribbean Sea between the island and Barbados was reclaimed and filled in during the building of the Bridgetown Port,The Journal of the Barbados Museum and Historical Society</p><br>
<p>, Volumes 46-48, p.79 (2000) and now Pelican Island has become incorporated into the mainland in the Bridgetown Deep Water Harbour complex.</p><br>
<p>There is now a tourist attraction called The Pelican Village ("Pelican Crafts Centre") in the area, at the port, as a tribute to the separate island that once existed there.</p><br>
<p>Castle Mountain is a mountain located within Banff National Park in the Canadian Rockies, approximately halfway between Banff and Lake Louise. It is the easternmost mountain of the Main Ranges in the Bow Valley and sits astride the Castle Mountain Fault which has thrust older sedimentary and metamorphic rocks forming the upper part of the mountain over the younger rocks forming its base. The mountains castellated, or castle-like, appearance is a result of erosive processes acting at different rates on the peaks alternating layers of softer shale and harder limestone, dolomite and quartzite.</p><br>
<p>The mountain was named in 1858 by James Hector for its castle-like appearance. From 1946 to 1979 it was known as Mount Eisenhower in honour of the World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower. Public pressure caused its original name to be restored, but a pinnacle on the southeastern side of the mountain was named Eisenhower Tower. Located nearby are the remains of Silver City, a 19th-century mining settlement, and the Castle Mountain Internment Camp in which persons deemed enemy aliens and suspected enemy sympathizers were confined during World War I.</p><br>
<p>While looking nearly inaccessible from the Trans-Canada Highway, the peak can be ascended from the backside on the northeastern slopes. The trail to Rockbound Lake leads hikers around the eastern side. The massif contains several high points including Helena Ridge (2,862 m), Stuart Knob (2,850 m) and Television Peak (2,970 m), the latter being named for the TV repeater located on top. Technicians use a helicopter rather than hiking the long ascent to the top.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Castle Mountain is the easternmost member of the Main Ranges in the Bow Valley. Passing through the mountain is the Castle Mountain Fault, a thrust fault which separates it and the other nearby peaks of the Main Ranges from the Sawback Range to the northeast, the westernmost of the Front Ranges in the region. Castle Mountain&#39;s upper sections, including its cliff faces, consist of late Pre-Cambrian and Cambrian age sedimentary rocks such as limestone and shale along with some metamorphic quartzite. Originally deposited in an ancient shallow sea, these deposits were later thrust over younger layers of late Paleozoic and Mesozoic age which now form the forested, gently sloping, base of Castle Mountain. It is an example of a castellated mountain in which erosion has sculpted a series of flat or gently sloping terraces composed of softer shale and sharp cliffs which reveal alternating layers of shale interspersed by harder layers of quartzite, dolomite and limestone.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>James Hector, who accompanied the Palliser Expedition, encountered Castle Mountain in August 1858 while leading a side expedition to find the headwaters of the Bow River. He noted that it "...looks exactly like a gigantic castle" and named it Castle Mountain. He also made the first recorded ascent of its slopes, but is not believed to have reached its summit. The official journal of the Palliser Expedition records his ascent:</p><br>
<p>The first climber to reach the top of Castle Mountain was Arthur P. Coleman, a professor at the University of Toronto, in 1884. Lawrence Grassi and P. Cerutti, both from Canmore, were the first to climb Eisenhower Tower in 1926.</p><br>
<p>In 1881, Joe Healy received some ore in trade from a First Nations person which was discovered to contain a relatively high silver content. The following year he settled at Castle Mountain as a prospector. News of Healy&#39;s ore soon spread; others began to arrive and the settlement of Silver City, situated near Castle Mountain, quickly developed. It was already thriving when the Canadian Pacific transcontinental railroad was built through the area in 1884. Over three thousand people lived there at its height, but it was almost entirely abandoned in 1885 because the mines failed to yield a significant profit.</p><br>
<p>Situated nearby is Castle Mountain Internment Camp, a First World War internment camp where Ukrainian immigrants to Canada were confined. Life in the camps was often described as grim; with its isolated location far from the roads of the time, the Castle Mountain camp was an ideal place to confine enemy aliens and suspected enemy sympathisers. The forced labour of these men helped build much of the infrastructure of Banff National Park. Internees were held at the Cave & Basin site during the winter months.</p><br>
<p>Construction began in 1910 at Castle Junction on a highway connecting British Columbia to Calgary that would, upon its completion in the early 1920s, make Castle Mountain more accessible to climbers, hikers and other tourists.</p><br>
<p>At a meeting of the Ottawa Canadian Club in January 1946 at which World War II general Dwight D. Eisenhower was a guest speaker, Prime Minister Mackenzie King renamed Castle Mountain in his honour. Alluding to Scotlands recent gift to Eisenhower of a castle, King said, "We havent any ancient castles, but we have something more enduring, we have ancient mountains... we have a mountain named Castle and we have thought that to change the name to Mount Eisenhower we would pay a tribute in the form of permanency expressing our admiration years after the castle in Scotland has completely disappeared." Immediate reaction was mixed; many Banff residents approved, but a telegram sent to King in the name of "members of the ski clubs and climbing clubs of the Rocky Mountains" protested the "inappropriate name of Eisenhower Peak". By the 1970s, increasing displeasure at the new name was being voiced by Banff area residents through petitions submitted to the Alberta Heritage Sites Board for the restoration of the original name. A change of name was already planned by 1976, but its implementation was delayed to avoid causing offense on account of the American bicentennial commemorations taking place that year. The mountain was officially renamed Castle Mountain in November 1979, but an isolated pinnacle at the southeastern end was designated Eisenhower Tower.</p><br>
<h2>Scramble route</h2><br>
<p>While the peak presents a formidable challenge to climb when viewed from the highway, the mountain can be ascended by first hiking to Rockbound Lake which is located on the easier backside. A break in a cliff band provides access to a route above the lake. The ascent is a very long day when undertaken from the trail head and can easily require 12 hours for a return trip. This can be shortened considerably by camping at Tower Lake just below the headwall leading to Rockbound Lake (camping not permitted at Rockbound). While the route is primarily a long slog, there is no discernible trail once one reaches the top of the "big hill" overlooking the lake and requires moderate scrambling abilities and a bit of route finding to ascend the gully leading to the upper bench. Helena Ridge is basically a scree slog although a lingering snow field in the gully above the big hill may provide some relief. Snow patches often linger on the upper routes even in late summer so an ice axe should be considered.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous rock climbing routes available on the mountain, the most common routes being:</p><br>
<p>Bass Buttress</p><br>
<p>Brewer Buttress</p><br>
<p>Ultra Brewers</p><br>
<p>Eisenhower Tower</p><br>
<p>Round Lake is a small lake in Camas, Washington, USA. The lake is connected at its north-west tip to Lacamas Lake. Lacamas Park includes access to Round Lake for fishing, picnicing, grilling, hiking, and jogging. The park includes a trail that goes entirely around Round Lake, and across the approximately 75 ft dam that controls the level of Lacamas Lake and Round Lake. Anglers can expect to find rainbow trout, brown trout, bluegill and smallmouth bass.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>Lacamas Park also contains a small information center that describes the deteriorating water quality in both Lacamas Lake and Round Lake. According to the signs present, precipitation captured over 43,000 acres (174 km²) forms the Lacamas Creek which flows into both Lacamas Lake and Round Lake. This water contains a higher than normal amount of pollutants which are rapidly diminishing the water quality of both lakes.</p><br>
<p>Kick em Jenny  is an active submarine volcano or seamount on the Caribbean Sea floor, located 8 km north of the island of Grenada and about 8 km west of Ronde Island in the Grenadines. Kick-em-Jenny rises 1,300 m above the sea floor on the steep inner western slope of the Lesser Antilles ridge. The South American tectonic plate is subducting the Caribbean tectonic plate to the east of this ridge and under the Lesser Antilles island arc.</p><br>
<h2>Activity</h2><br>
<p>The first record of the volcano was in 1939, although it must have erupted many times before that date. On 23–24 July 1939 an eruption broke the sea surface, sending a cloud of steam and debris 275 m into the air and generating a series of tsunamis around two metres high when they reached the coastlines of northern Grenada and the southern Grenadines. A small tsunami also reached the West coast of nearby Barbados, where a sea-wave suddenly washed over a coastal road.</p><br>
<p>The volcano has erupted on at least twelve occasions between 1939 and 2001 (the last being on December 4, 2001), although none of the eruptions have been as large as the 1939 one, and most were only detected by seismographs. The larger eruptions have also been heard underwater or on land close to the volcano as a deep rumbling sound.</p><br>
<p>A submersible survey in 2003 detected a crater with active fumaroles releasing cold and hot gas bubbles. The summit was measured to be 180 m below the sea surface and is thought to have remained constant since the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Signs of elevated seismicity began July 11, 2015, and on July 23 a strong continuous signal was recorded by instruments observing Kick &#39;em Jenny, prompting authorities to raise the alert level to orange, which is the second-highest level. The following day, July 24, at 0200 an hour long explosion event was recorded, scientists from the University of the West Indies Seismic Research Centre observed nothing out of the ordinary at the surface above the volcano during an overflight on 25 July, and by 1800 no activity was recorded. On 26 July the Alert Level was lowered to Yellow.</p><br>
<h2>Maritime exclusion zone</h2><br>
<p>The volcano is on the shipping route from St Vincent to Grenada. There is a maritime exclusion zone monitored by the Seismic Research Centre of the University of the West Indies, Trinidad and this is normally at 1.5 km from the centre of the volcano. Bubbles of volcanic gases can lower water density, creating a sinking hazard. This is marked on marine charts. During periods of high level seismic activity this is increased to 5 km.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>The volcano was unknown before 1939, although "Kick &#39;em Jenny" appeared on earlier maps as either the name of a small island now called Diamond Rock (or Île Diamante), or the name of the strait between Grenada and Ronde Island (or Île de Ronde). The name itself may be a reference to the waters sometimes being extremely rough.</p><br>
<p>Tabley House is a former stately home in Tabley Inferior , some 3 km to the east of the town of Knutsford, Cheshire, England. The house is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building. It was built between 1761 and 1769 for Sir Peter Byrne Leicester, to replace an older hall nearby , and was designed by John Carr.</p><br>
<p>In the early part of the 19th century three of Carrs rooms on the west side of the house were converted to form a single room, the gallery. After Sir Peters death the house was re-orientated and the main entrance moved from the south to the north front. The house and estate continued to be held by the Leicester family until the death of Lt. Col. John Leicester Warren in 1975.</p><br>
<p>Under the terms of his will the house, contents and estate were offered to the National Trust who declined the offer. The house was then acquired under the terms of the will by the Victoria University of Manchester, and the house was used as a school. Since 1988 its lease has been held by a healthcare company. The 3600-acre estate surrounding the house was sold in 2007 to the Crown Estate.</p><br>
<p>The house is symmetrical and designed in Palladian style. It is constructed in brick with stone dressings, with a large sandstone portico on the south front. On the east and west sides of the main house are pavilion wings connected to the house by curved corridors. To the west of the house is St Peter&#39;s Church, also listed Grade I, which was moved from a position adjacent to Tabley Old Hall to its present site in 1927. In the grounds are other listed buildings, including the ruins of the Old Hall.</p><br>
<p>As of 2012 the ground and top floors of the main house, together with the adjacent wings, are used as accommodation for the elderly. The reception rooms of the first floor are open to the public at advertised times, and are entered by the original stairway on the south front; they contain paintings and furniture collected by the Leicester family. Some items in the collection had formerly been displayed on this floor, whilst others were moved from elsewhere in the house. The first floor may also be hired for weddings, meetings, and conferences. It is managed by a trust, which is supported by a group of Friends and by volunteers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Old Hall</h3><br>
<p>The original house was built on an island in Nether Tabley Mere, known as the Moat, in about 1380 by John de Leycester. The house contained a Great Hall with a large central arch formed by two massive cruck beams, which were carved to imitate Gothic stonework. During the 16th century Adam de Leycester made alterations to the hall, and built a half-timbered gatehouse to the bridge crossing the mere. Peter Leycester (1588–1647) installed an ornate chimneypiece dated 1619 in the Great Hall.</p><br>
<p>In 1671 his son, the historian Sir Peter Leycester, 1st Baronet (1614–78), enlarged the house, adding a staircase and an upper storey. He arranged for the exterior to be encased in brick in Jacobean style, with a mixture of mullioned and round windows, and a porch with statues of lions. In 1674 Sir Peter replaced the chapel adjacent to the hall, designed in a mixture of Gothic and Jacobean styles, and a tower was added to the chapel in 1724.</p><br>
<p>After the new house was built in the 1760s, the Old Hall continued to be furnished, and the chapel was used for family worship. But in 1927 part of the hall collapsed because of subsidence resulting from the extraction of brine nearby. The building was abandoned, and is now a ruin. The chapel (now known as St Peter&#39;s Church) was demolished and rebuilt near to the west front of the new house. The ornate chimneypiece was moved and reinstalled in the Old Hall Room on the west side of the house.</p><br>
<h3>Present house</h3><br>
<p>The present house was built by Sir Peter Byrne Leicester. He inherited the estate through his mother&#39;s line on the death of his grandfather in 1742, at which time he was aged 10. At this time his name was Peter Byrne, and the name of Leicester was added by an Act of Parliament in 1744. One of the requirements of his inheritance was to keep the Old Hall in good condition, but Sir Peter considered it to be "old and not commodious".</p><br>
<p>Carr designed the house in Palladian style, even though by the 1760s this style was becoming less fashionable. His design consisted of a rectangular building in three storeys, with a projecting portico on the south front, and two pavilions on each side, which were set back and approached by curved corridors. On each side of the portico was a curved stairway leading to the main middle floor, the piano nobile. As the house was originally planned, it had a central staircase, with three rooms on the south front. The middle of these rooms was the entrance hall, to the west of it was the drawing room, and to the east was the dining room. Behind the drawing room was the library, and behind the dining room was a room known as the common parlour. Across the back of the house, on this floor, there were two bedrooms and three dressing rooms. The western pavilion contained the servants&#39; bedrooms, and in the eastern pavilion was the kitchen. The interior of the house contained craftsmanship of a high quality. The plasterwork was created by Thomas Oliver of Warrington, the woodcarving of the doorcases and staircase was by Mathew Bertram, assisted by Daniel Shillito. Much of the furniture was made by Gillow of Lancaster. Sir Peter also commissioned a number of paintings, which included full-length portraits of himself and his wife by Francis Cotes, and landscapes of the grounds and the halls by J. M. W. Turner and Richard Wilson amongst others.</p><br>
<p>An interest in paintings continued in the familys next generation. Sir John Fleming Leicester, later the 1st Lord de Tabley, built a collection of modern British art that was hung in a gallery in his London house at Hill Street, Berkeley Square. In 1823 Sir John offered his collection to Lord Liverpool to form the basis of the planned National Gallery, but the offer was declined. After Sir Johns death in 1827 the best works were sold by auction and the remainder moved to Tabley, where most of them are today. Further work was carried out in the room following this; Peter Cannon Brookes, the author of the 1991 guide to the house, concludes that the final appearance of the room "dates almost entirely from 1840–45".</p><br>
<p>After Sir John&#39;s death the house was structurally reorganised for George Warren, 2nd Baron de Tabley by Robert Curzon, a family friend and an "amateur architect". The house was re-orientated to move the front entrance to the north side of the house. The architecture of the north front had previously been "simple and dignified", but it was enhanced to make its appearance more impressive. The alterations included adding rustication to the bottom storey and around the central window, and quoins to the three projecting central bays. The arms of the 2nd baron were added to the previously blank pediment, and in 1915 a small porch was built over the new entrance. The south portico had become redundant, other than serving as an entrance to the garden. The new entrance led by way of a small lobby to a new staircase up to a new entrance hall on the first floor. A new dining room was created in the northeast corner.</p><br>
<p>The house and estate continued to be owned by the Leicester family until the death of Lt. Col. John Leicester Warren in 1975. The first request in his will was that the estate should if possible be taken into the care of the National Trust, but this was declined by the Trust. The executors then acted on Warrens second request, to pass the estate to a charitable institution, and thus it came into the care of the Victoria University of Manchester. By the time of Warrens death the manor of Nether Tabley, comprising the estate and the halls, had been owned by the Leicester family for almost exactly 700 years. Col. Leicester-Warren used the house as a school from the late 1940s until 1984, after his death. In 1988 a 125 year lease of the house, the stables, and the associated buildings was sold by the university to Cygnet Health Care, on condition that the suite of rooms on the first floor of the house, and their contents, should be preserved. Between 1988 and 1990 the health care company carried out structural repairs to deal with damage caused by dry rot and the death watch beetle. The ground and top floors of the house, and the wings, have been converted into nursing accommodation, leaving the appearance of the exterior virtually unchanged. In 1990 the first floor was opened to the public under the care of the Tabley House Collection Trust. The original entrance by the stairway on the south front was re-instated for this purpose.</p><br>
<p>In 2007 the university sold the estate - but not the house - to the Crown Estate in a deal worth "over £35m". Its 3600 acres included 18 tenanted farms, 18 farmland lettings, 52 residential properties and 13 commercial leases generating a total rent roll of £0.5m.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Tabley House was designated as a Grade I listed building on 5 March 1959. The house has three storeys; the bottom storey is constructed in rusticated stone, with the upper storeys in Flemish bond brick with stone dressings. From the top of the stairway a portico rises through the top two storeys. It consists of four columns in Doric style constructed from red Runcorn sandstone. Its tympanum contains the arms of Sir Peter Byrne Leicester and his wife, Catherine. All the windows in the ground floor are sashes with 3x2 panes and over each window there are splayed voussoirs. The central bay of the middle storey contains a doorway with an architrave and a segmental pediment carried on brackets. On each side of the door is a window with similar architraves and segmental pediments, but not carried on brackets. In the lateral three bays on each side are sash windows with 3x5 panes over which are architraves and triangular pediments. The top floor windows are also sashes, these having 3x3 panes, and architraves with scrolls at the top and bottom.</p><br>
<p>The north front is also symmetrical and is in seven bays, with the central three projecting slightly forwards. Over the bays is a pediment containing the arms of the 2nd Baron de Tabley and his wife Catherina. In the centre of the ground floor is a porch, on either side of which are two 3x2 sash windows, plus a narrow two-pane window. The middle floor has a central Venetian window surrounded by a rusticated stone arch. All the other windows on this floor are 3x5 sashes; those on each side of the central window have triangular pediments, while those in the lateral bays have horizontal architraves. The top storey has seven 3x3 sash windows; the central three have scrolls similar to those on the south front, while the surrounds to the lateral two windows on each side are plainer.</p><br>
<p>On each side elevation there are central canted bay windows. The middle floor has arched windows on the west front, while the corresponding windows on the east front are blind. On each side of the house are two-storey pavilion wings joined to the main block by quadrant (curved), single-storey corridors. Each pavilion is symmetrical and identical, built in brick with stone dressings. Each is in three bays, the central bay forming a canted bay window. Again, the windows are sashes.</p><br>
<p>To the east of the house, and linked to it by the Old Hall Room, is St Peter&#39;s Chapel. Incorporated in the Old Hall Room is the painted and gilded wooden chimney-piece from the Old Hall, which had been installed in the Old Hall by Sir Peter Leycester in 1619. It includes carvings of caryatids, statues of Lucretia and Cleopatra in niches, and a female nude lying on a skull and holding an hourglass. The windows in the Old Hall Room contain stained glass panels with various designs, including depictions of English monarchs from William II to George II.</p><br>
<h2>Interior</h2><br>
<p>The entrance to the first floor on the south front leads to a room now known as the Portico Room. This was the original entrance hall to the house, but as a result of the 19th-century alterations it was converted into a billiard room. It was later used as a drawing room, and during the time the house was used as a school, it was the school library. From 1990 it has been restored as the entrance hall. It contains a white chimney-piece and a cast iron grate. The mahogany woodwork was carved by Daniel Shillito and Mathew Bertram and the plasterwork was by Thomas Oliver. In the side walls are plaster figures of Isis and the Capitoline Flora in niches, and on the walls are plaster relief medallions representing the four seasons. Much of the furniture in the room has been moved from elsewhere in the house. The breakfast table carries the mark of the Lancaster firm of Gillow.</p><br>
<p>To the east of the Portico Room is the Drawing Room. This was designed by Carr as the dining room, and contains a white marble chimneypiece designed by Carr. The plasterwork is again by Oliver. The furniture and paintings are original to the house. The paintings include one of John, 1st Baron Byron by William Dobson, one of his wife as Saint Catherine by Peter Lely, and two paintings by John Opie. The most important painting in the room is Tabley, the Seat of Sir J. F. Leicester, Bart: Windy Day, by J. M. W. Turner. Also in the room are two still life paintings by Thomas Lister, 4th Baron Ribblesdale, a cousin of the Leicesters.</p><br>
<p>The room to the north of the Drawing Room was originally the common parlour, and is now known as the Octagon Room. It provided a link between the public rooms on the south of the house and the more private rooms on the north side. Again designed by Carr, its canted corners contain china cabinets. It also contains a set of five paintings of Tabley by Anthony Devis. The ceiling has Rococo plasterwork by Oliver. This room leads to the Dining Room on the north side of the house, which contains paintings of the Leicester family. These include 3rd Lord Tabley by Frank Holl, Colonel Sir John Leicester, Bart., and the Kings Cheshire Yeomanry Cavalry exercising on the Sands at Liverpool by George Jones, Portrait of 2nd Lord de Tabley by Margaret Carpenter, a full-length Portrait of 2nd Lord de Tabley as Colonel Commandant of the Earl of Chesters Yeomanry Cavalry by Francis Grant, Hilda, Mrs Cuthbert Leicester Warren by Simon Elwes, Lt. Colonel John Leicester Warren by Graham Rust, and Margaret Leicester Warren by Philip de László. Also in the room is Extensive Picturesque Landscape, with Gypsies by Francis Bourgeois and, over the sideboard, is the Portrait of the Prince Regent, later George IV by Thomas Lawrence and his studio. The fireplace in the Dining Room is made from Anglesey marble and was designed by George Bullock.</p><br>
<p>In the centre of the first floor is the Oak Hall, so-called because of the oaks formerly growing on the site of the new hall. It contains a mahogany four-flight staircase. The staircase has triple ballusters, and was carved by Shillito. Afain the plasterwork is by Oliver. More family portraits hang on its walls and the halls contents include a hobby horse, a man trap, and an 18th-century sedan chair. Also in the hall is a memorial display for Tabley House School. The other room on the north side of the house is known as the Marble Hall. This was created from Carrs original rooms in the 19th-century alterations. It contains five reliefs on its wall, one of which depicts the nine muses.</p><br>
<p>The west side of the first floor is occupied by the gallery, which has been described as "one of the great rooms of Cheshire". It contains most of the finest furniture from the house. The items include mirrors and marble tops attributed to the London workshops of Thomas Chippendale, and sofas attributed to George Bullock. There is more furniture by Gillow, a "very rare" 17th-century English virginal signed "Phillip Jones", and an Italian spinet dating from about 1598. Paintings in the gallery include the Portrait of Sir John Fleming Leicester, 1st Lord de Tabley, in Peer&#39;s Robes, started by Joshua Reynolds and completed by James Northcote, and Portrait of Georgiana Maria Lady Leicester by Lawrence. There are more paintings by Northcote and Lawrence, and others by James Ward, Julius Caesar Ibbetson, William Hilton, Charles Robert Leslie, Francis Cotes, Henry Fuseli, Augustus Wall Callcott, and George Henry Harlow.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The grounds cover an area of about 240 hectare and are listed Grade II in the English Heritage Register of Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England. What remains of Tabley Old Hall consists of its shell in three storeys, constructed in red English garden wall bond brick with stone dressings. The ruin is listed at Grade II*, and its moated site and gatehouse are a scheduled monument. To the north of the Old Hall is Moat Farm. One of the farm buildings, dating from the mid-17th century, is listed at Grade II. By Tabley Mere is a boathouse in brick with stone dressings, but lacking a roof, in Gothic style; it is listed at Grade II. On an island in the mere is a folly tower, dating from about 1780, constructed in red brick. It is a circular structure in three storeys, with machicolations and battlements at its summit. The folly is also listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<p>To the north of Tabley House, off Chester Road, are two entrance lodges, each of which is listed at Grade II. The White Lodge dates from about 1770 and was probably designed by John Carr. It is constructed in whitewashed English garden wall bond brick with a slate roof. The Red Lodge dates from the late 19th century; it is constructed in English garden wall bond brick with timber framing, and has a tiled roof. St Peter&#39;s Church to the west of the house is a Grade I listed building. It is joined to the house by a linking building, constructed in 1927–29 in red Flemish bond brick with stone dressings and a stone slate roof. The linking building is listed at Grade II. To the south of the house is a sundial dating from the early 19th century constructed in stone with a copper dial and gnomon; it is listed at Grade II. To the south of this is a parterre wall, about 1 m high, constructed in red Flemish bond brick, with piers carrying stone balls. It is also listed at Grade II.</p><br>
<p>To the north of the house is the former stable block dating from about 1760, designed by John Carr. It was converted and extended in 1995–96. The block is constructed in red brick with stone dressings and green slate roofs. Although it has been altered since it was originally built, it has maintained its Grade II listing for its "group value", recognising "the importance of its massing and exterior character to the setting of Tabley House". To the north of the stable block is a dovecote dating from about 1760. It is an octagonal structure in two storeys built in red brick with a slate roof, and is listed at Grade II. The grounds are promoted by the Campaign to Protect Rural England.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The ground and top floors of the main house, and the wings, are run as Tabley House Nursing Home by Cygnet Health Care. The rooms on the first floor, with their collection of paintings and furniture, have been open to the public since 1990. These rooms are open at advertised times during the summer months, as is the Tea Room in the Old Hall Room. The hall is licensed for civil weddings and is available to hire for conferences and meetings. Occasional events are organised at the house. Tabley House is managed by the Tabley House Collection Trust. It is supported by a group known as The Friends of Tabley, and by volunteers.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1890, the 2,376 ft Walnut Street Bridge was the first to connect Chattanooga, Tennessees downtown with the North Shore. According to a plaque on the bridge, Edwin Thacher was the chief engineer for the bridge. The bridges superstructure was assembled by the Smith Bridge Company of Toledo, Ohio, which was a prolific late 19th-century bridge builder. The bridges substructure was constructed by Neeley, Smith, and Company of Chattanooga. Most of the parts for the bridge were manufactured by Manly Jail Works of Dalton, Georgia and then shipped to the site by rail. The bridges main spans are pin-connected Pennsylvania through truss spans. The top chord of these truss spans are configured in five sections, making the spans similar to the Camelback truss design. The bridge is historically significant as an extremely long and old example of its type; according to the Historic American Engineering Record: "The bridge was apparently the first non-military highway bridge across the Tennessee River."</p><br>
<p>A former Union officer from Ann Arbor, Michigan, William Andrew Slayton (1854–1935) was the stone contractor. Slayton lived in a stone house at 533 Barton Avenue, the house known for years by later inhabitants as the location of the "Little Art Shop." It is not known if he built this house, but similarly to Washington Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge, he could overlook the project from his window. Many of the low stone walls in North Chattanooga are made up of the remnants of stones deemed too small for use in the piers. Subdivision plats in Chattanooga suggest that Slayton developed some areas to facilitate the hauling of materials from quarries in northeastern Alabama, and Slayton Street and Slayton Avenue are found near the current public library location on Broad Street. Slayton&#39;s obituary fails to note that there is no stone on his grave at Chattanooga Memorial near Red Bank, Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The "county bridge", as the Walnut Street Bridge was once known, connected the predominantly white city on the south side of the Tennessee River with the large black work force on the north side ("North Shore") in Hill City, a town that was annexed by Chattanooga in 1912.</p><br>
<p>Two black men were lynched on the bridge: Alfred Blount on February 14, 1893, was hanged from the first span for allegedly attacking a white woman; Ed Johnson on March 19, 1906, was hanged from the second span, also for allegedly attacking a white woman. Johnson&#39;s lynching initiated a court case (United States v. Shipp) before the Supreme Court that is notable for being the only criminal trial in its history.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was closed to motor vehicles in 1978 and sat in disuse and disrepair for nearly a decade. Repairs and structural modifications have been made to turn the bridge into what is now a pedestrian walkway. The Walnut Street Bridge was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 23, 1990. The 2,376 foot (720 m) pedestrian bridge sits near the heart of a massive and recently completed urban renewal project.</p><br>
<p>From December 2009 to May 2010, the bridge&#39;s deteriorating asphalt surface was replaced with wood planking. The City Council awarded a $1.3 million contract to Tower Construction for the bridge repair work.</p><br>
<p>The Walnut Street Bridge fund was started by Chattanooga Venture, a community group, to receive funds to be used by the city toward restoration of the bridge. Once the campaign was finished, the remaining funds were used for additional improvements to the bridge. These funds led to the replacement of original plaques which had been damaged, vandalized, or stolen. The original plaques have been renamed to The Parks Foundation, an organization committed to enhancements, improvements and programming to extend the utilization of all our parks and public space to the greatest number of people. The foundation is offering new plaques to donors that strive for the same mission.</p><br>
<h2>Bridge events</h2><br>
<p>is a wine tasting event that takes place on the Walnut Street Bridge. The event started in 1994 and is Tennessee&#39;s premier wine tasting festival. Over 150 wines from all over the world get tasted. During the festival, local restaurants offer different tasting plates for purchase. Regional musicians and bands come to play jazz and classic bluegrass. The event is not free and tickets are sold quickly due to popularity. Every summer, Chattanooga hosts the Riverbend Festival where country music and rock bands come and play for the city. On the last night of the festival, fireworks are shot off for the spectators. The bridge is used to display a bright waterfall of fireworks, which fall down into the river below. The fireworks are displayed at the middle of the bridge, and boaters are not allowed within several hundred feet. The Seven Bridges Marathon takes place in Chattanooga, and the participants use the Walnut Street Bridge as part of the course. Participants, local Chattanoogans as well as tourists, enjoy the views from the bridge that extend up and down the river. Ironman is a world-renowned triathlon with events scheduled throughout the year all over the planet. Chattanooga has hosted Ironman in 2014, 2015 and is hosting the world championships in 2017. Athletes use the Walnut Street bridge during the running portion of the race.</p><br>
<p>The Springville Museum of Art in Springville, Utah is the oldest museum in Utah for the visual fine arts. Completed in 1937, this building was designed in the Spanish Colonial Revival style by architect Claud S. Ashworth . It was dedicated by LDS Apostle David O. McKay as "A sanctuary of beauty and a temple of meditation." It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986 as Springville High School Art Gallery.</p><br>
<p>It was built during 1936-37 and was extended in 1964.</p><br>
<p>The Springville Museum of Art was made possible by the Nebo School District, the Works Progress Administration Act, and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. In 1964 a two story wing was added as a gift from the Clyde Foundation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Springville art movement began in 1903 with a donation of art by John Hafen and Cyrus Dallin. It was followed in 1907 by a donation from seven other Utah artists. The Smart collection came in 1925, followed by the Steed Collection (1948), and the Lund-Wassmer Collection in 1986. The Art Association Board of Trustees and the City of Springville continue to contribute to the growth of both the museum and its art.</p><br>
<p>The museum is noted for its collection of Utah art spanning from pioneer days to the present. Most of the major artists and styles of Utah are represented in nine permanent galleries in the museum. All 275 of the pieces are arranged in chronological order and show the development of art in Utah. The works of 250 artists are featured, including those of Doug Snow, Lee U. Bennion, Mahonri Young, Dan Weggeland, and LeConte Stewart. The museum is divided into two main sections:</p><br>
<h2>Temporary exhibitions</h2><br>
<p>The 7 main galleries on the first floor display temporary shows and consist of a wide variety of styles dealing with both historical and contemporary issues. Some of the most popular exhibitions include the annual exhibitions: the All-State Utah High School Art Show, the Quilt Show, the Spiritual and Religious Show, and the Spring Salon.</p><br>
<h2>Permanent collection</h2><br>
<p>Selections of the museum&#39;s collection of 2,300 works of are displayed on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>They consist of art from Utah, the former Soviet Union and the United States.</p><br>
<h2>Museum timeline</h2><br>
<p>1901: An art committee is commissioned to promote art in Springville schools.</p><br>
<p>1903: John Hafen and Cyrus E. Dallin make a gift to begin a collection of sculpture and paintings.</p><br>
<p>1907: Faculty and students at Springville High begin setting aside funds for the purchases of works of art at their school.</p><br>
<p>1921: The very first Spring Salon art Exhibition is held.</p><br>
<p>1925: The Springville High Art Association is formed for the protection, collection and presentation of fine art. 65 works of Utah art are donated by Emma and George Smart.</p><br>
<p>1937: The Hafen-Dallin club is formed to promote the fine arts. The Springville Art Museum building is completed as a WPA (Works Progress Administration) project.</p><br>
<p>1948: Alice and Merlin Steed donate 133 works of art.</p><br>
<p>1964: The families of Hyrum Smith and Elanora Johnson Clyde donate funds for the construction of a new west wing in which two new galleries are housed.</p><br>
<p>1975: The museum building is transferred from the Nebo School District to the city of Springville.</p><br>
<p>1986: 300 works of art are donated by Theodore Wassmer and Judy Lund-Wassmer.</p><br>
<p>1986: Building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>1993: The City of Springville gives permission to the Springville Museum of Art Board to raise funds to build a new wing.</p><br>
<p>1998: Construction begins on a 20,000 square foot (1,900 m²) addition to the museum which emphasizes education for children and provides extra gallery space for the museum&#39;s permanent art collection.</p><br>
<p>Slievecallan  is a mountain 391 metres high. It is the third highest mountain in County Clare, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The mountain sits more or less in the centre of the triangle formed by the villages of Milltown Malbay, Inagh and Connolly, in the west of County Clare. The regional road R474 (Ennis - Connoly - Milltown Malbay), passes on the southernside of the mountain. The R460 (Gort - Inagh - Milltown Malbay) passes on the northern side.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<p>Slievecallan has a wet oceanic climate with an average annual rainfall of 2,000 mm and high average wind speeds. This is due to the proximity of the ocean (just 8 kilometres away) and its prominence in the landscape. Geologically the soils are a mixture of peat, peaty gley and gley soils over horizontal layers of carboniferous shale, sandstone, and mudstone. The soil is relatively poor in nutrients.</p><br>
<p>Without human interference the natural vegetation of this area would consist of woodlands dominated by ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in alkaline areas. Hazel (Corylus avellana) and oak (Quercus petraea) woods would be prominent in the more acidic areas. Nowadays (2014) most of the land surrounding Slievecallan is heathland, forestry and pasture. The forestry is mainly plantations of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis)</p><br>
<p>Vyronas  is a suburban town and a municipality in the southeastern part of the Athens agglomeration, Greece. The town is named after George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, the famous English poet and writer, who is a national hero of Greece. Formerly part of the city of Athens, Vyronas was created as a community in 1933, and became a municipality in 1934. The municipality has an area of 9.204 km.</p><br>
<p>Vyronas is an inner suburb of Athens, located about 3 km southeast of Athens city centre. Towards the southeast the municipality extends to the forested Hymettus mountain. The built-up area of Vyronas is continuous with that of Athens and the neighbouring suburbs Kaisariani, Ymittos and Ilioupoli. Motorway 64 runs through the southeastern part of the municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Sites of interest</h2><br>
<p>Vyronas National Stadium, which seats up to 4,340 and is 3 km from downtown Athens. It is home to the football club Athinaikos F.C. and their bitter rivals Doxa Vyronas F.C.</p><br>
<p>Theatro Vrachon, where the Vyronas Festival takes place every summer</p><br>
<h2>Schools</h2><br>
<p>Schools include:</p><br>
<p>Philippine School in Greece</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Sport facilities in Vyronas are the Vyronas National Stadium (football stadium) and the Ergani Indoor Hall (gymnasium). Clubs based in Vyronas is Athinaikos, club with many achievements in several sports and Doxa Vyronas F.C.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Lake Temagami, formerly spelled as Lake Timagami, is a lake in Nipissing District in northeastern Ontario, Canada, situated approximately 80 km north of North Bay. The lake&#39;s name comes from Te-mee-ay-gaming, which means "deep water by the shore" in the Ojibwa language.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake is irregularly shaped with long north, northeast and southwest arms, shorter northwest and south arms and several smaller bays. The town of Temagami is located at the end of the northeast arm of the lake. It extends almost 50 km from north to south and about 35 km from east to west. There are approximately 1,259 islands, the largest of which is Temagami Island. The lake&#39;s outflow is the Temagami River which in turn flows into the Sturgeon River. A number of peninsulas are associated with the lake, such as the McLean, Cynthia and Joan peninsulas, as well as Sand Point, which separates the Northwest Arm from the rest of the lake.</p><br>
<p>The lands surrounding the lake are part of the Canadian Shield, one of the largest single exposure of Precambrian rocks in the world which were formed after the Earth&#39;s crust cooled. Part of Lake Temagami lies in the Temagami Magnetic Anomaly, an egg shaped geologic structure stretching from Lake Wanapitei in the west to Bear Island. It has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin, which is one of the richest mining camps in the world. The hills in the Temagami area are remnants of the oldest mountain ranges in North America, that date back during the Precambrian era. These enormous mountains were taller than any that exist today. The uplifting was accomplished as enormous pressure caused the earth to buckle in a process called folding. Other processes, such as volcanic activity and geologic faulting in which the earth cracks open also contributed to the formation of these mountains. Over millions of years, these enormous mountains were gradually eroded to the land as we know it today in Temagami.</p><br>
<p>The rocks that form Temagami to this day are igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary. The area has good potential to host diamondiferous kimberlites and more diamond bearing kimberlites may continue to be discovered in the area. The Temagami area also contains some pillow lava about 2 billion years old, indicating that great submarine volcanoes existed during the early stages of the formation of the Earth&#39;s crust.</p><br>
<p>The northeast arm of Lake Temagami is underlain by a strong fault zone of sheared felsic to intermediate metavolcanic rocks that is approximately 1,200 m wide. This fault zone, known as the Northeast Arm Deformation Zone, and the associated metavolcanic rocks are associated with the Temagami Greenstone Belt, an Archean greenstone belt characterized by felsic-mafic volcanic rocks.</p><br>
<p>Lake Temagami and its surrounding lakes provide endless opportunities for canoe camping. There are over 2,000 km of interconnecting canoe routes.</p><br>
<p>The region contains some of the largest remaining stands of old growth red and white pine forests in Ontario.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1834, the Hudsons Bay Company opened a fur trading post on the lake, which operated during the 19th century. The Forest Reserves Act of 1898 established the Temagami Forest Reserve on the shores and adjacent lands of the lake in 1901. It was created to reserve the forests for future logging by restricting settlement. In 1904 it was increased to 15,000 km&sup2;. As a result of this reserve, the building of cottages and resorts was only permitted on the lakes islands. This restriction is still in force today. Lake Temagami is popular for cottage vacationing: the number of cottages on Lake Temagami are estimated between 630 and 746. In addition there are 9 youth camps, and 12 commercial lodges.</p><br>
<p>Keewaydin Canoe Camp is based on Devil Island, in the shadow of Devil Mountain and across from Granny Bay in the northern section of the lake. Keeywaydin, founded in 1892, is one of several camps on Lake Temagami whose focus is on wilderness canoe trips using traditional equipment such as cedar and canvas canoes and wannigans. Since it began running trips in Ontario in 1902, it is the earliest known private business on Temagami besides for the HBC post on Bear Island.</p><br>
<p>A large passenger steamboat, Belle of Temagami, operated on Lake Temagami from the 1900s to the 1940s. Camp Wigwasati, on the southwest arm, began running canoe trips in the Temagami wilderness in 1930. Wigwasati is now known as. A few kilometers south of Keeywaydin, has run canoe trips in the area since 1933. Keeywaydin, Temagami and Wabun were boys camps when founded but have since all become co-ed. Appleby College&#39;s northern campus is located on Rabbit Nose island, opened in the mid 1970s it provides a launching point for their Northward Bound program which takes place in January, February, May and June.</p><br>
<p>A copper mine opened on Temagami Island in 1954 called Temagami Mine. It produced 34,000,000 dollars Canadian and was considered to mine the purest copper ore in Canada. The mine closed in 1972.</p><br>
<p>Nii Ōshima, or sometimes just Ōshima, is an island located roughly 1.5 kilometers northeast of the city of Niihama  in Ehime Prefecture, Japan. It has a circumference of approximately 8 kilometers and an estimated population of 400. The primary occupations on the island include shrimp farming and agriculture, particularly mikan and a distinctive type of white potato.</p><br>
<p>Due to its rapidly aging population and its geographic isolation from Niihama and the main island of Shikoku, Nii Ōshima faces serious problems of depopulation. There is a ferry that runs between Nii Ōshima and Niihama approximately once every hour, taking fifteen minutes to complete a one-way journey. At one point there was the possibility that a bridge might be built to connect Ōshima and Shikoku, but these plans are now considered unlikely.</p><br>
<p>On the southern side of the island sit the remains of Ōshima Castle. This, along with the presence of two Shintō shrines on this small island hint at Ōshima&#39;s former importance as a regional center of trade and commerce.</p><br>
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